十年合作 携手共建更具韧性的 坦桑尼亚 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 公开披露已获授权 十年合作：携手共建更具韧性的坦桑尼亚 Page-1 前言 将韧性作为其增长战略的核心支柱，而非附加功能， 在过去十年中，坦桑尼亚一直在展示如何将韧性系统 地融入国家发展。这一转型是由坦桑尼亚政府、当地 社区、世界银行、发展伙伴以及减少灾害风险和恢复 全球设施（GFDRR）之间的长期、多阶段合作推动 的。 GFDRR正在帮助坦桑尼亚从零散的干预措施转向一个连贯的韧性议 程。通过上游诊断、空间规划和风险导向设计，GFDRR已支持旨在 恢复生态系统、降低风险和提升城市宜居性的项目，同时也为健康 、生物多样性、社会凝聚力、企业持续经营和就业创造带来了协同 效益。 GFDRR在坦桑尼亚的参与也突显了跨尺度合作的重要性。次中心城 市的小型项目——通常在国家规划中被忽视——已成为更广泛韧性工 作的切入点。像城市这样的工具和倡议 尼尔·霍尔姆-尼尔森 GF DRR 实践经理 扫描和复原学院，最初在选定地点进行试点，现在正被 改编用于其他城市中心。它们帮助地方政府和大学生成 和应用风险数据，增强了决策和机构能力。 政 ...

探索电气和电子行业的塑料循环利 用机会 马来西亚塑料循环系列 报告 #3 © 2025 世界银行集团 1818 H街西北, 华盛顿特区, DC 20433 电话：202-473-1000；互联网：www.worldbank.org 这项工作是由世界银行集团的成员国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）和国际金融公司（IFC）的员工以及外部贡献者共同完成的。"世界银行集团"是指法律上独立的国 际复兴开发银行（IBRD）、国际金融公司（IFC）、国际开发协会（IDA）和多边投资担保机构（MIGA）。 世界银行集团不保证本作品中包含的内容的准确性、可靠性或完整性，也不保证其中所述的结论或判断，对本作品中任何疏漏或错误（包括但不限于印刷错误 和技术错误）概不负责，也不对据此产生的任何责任或后果承担责任。本作品中所示的国界、颜色、名称、链接/脚注和其他信息不代表世界银行集团对任何领 土的法律地位或对其边界表示认可或接受。引用他人类似的作品并不意味着世界银行集团认可那些作者所表达的观点或其作品的内容。本卷中表达的研究成果 、解释和结论不一定反映世界银行集团的任何组织的观点、其各自的执行董事会或它们所代表政府的观点。 管理 公开披露授 ...

马来西亚塑料循环系列 报告 #4 探索汽车行业的塑料循环经济机 遇 公开披露授权 公开披露授权 公开披露授权 管理 公开披露授权 © 2025 世界银行集团 1818 H 街西北, 华盛顿特区, DC 20433 电话：202-473-1000；互联网：www.worldbank.org 这项工作是国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）和国际金融公司（IFC）的成果，这两家机构是世界银行集团的成员，并有外部贡献者。"世界银行集团"指的是法律上独 立的国际复兴开发银行（IBRD）、国际金融公司（IFC）、国际开发协会（IDA）和多边投资担保机构（MIGA）。 世界银行集团不保证本作品中包含的内容的准确性、可靠性或完整性，也不保证其中所述的结论或判断，对于任何内容中的任何遗漏或错误（包括但不限于排 版错误和技术错误）概不负责，也不对依赖于此内容承担任何责任或责任。本作品中所示的国界、颜色、名称、链接/脚注和其他信息均不构成世界银行集团对 任何领土的法律地位或对其边界表示认可或接受的任何判断。引用他人类似的作品并不意味着世界银行集团认可那些作者所表达的观点或其作品的内容。本卷 中表达的调查结果、解释和结论不一定反映世界银行集 ...

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the clean hydrogen industry Core Insights - The report emphasizes the importance of shared infrastructure for the development of clean hydrogen and ammonia production, highlighting the potential for significant investment in hydrogen infrastructure globally, estimated between $1.5 trillion to $5 trillion by 2050 [2][3][25] - The report discusses the uncertainty surrounding the overall investment demand for hydrogen by 2050, which is influenced by various factors including the cost of electrolyzers, renewable energy projects, and the growth of global production and demand [3][4] - The report identifies several case studies from countries like Brazil, South Africa, Egypt, and Mauritania, showcasing the critical role of infrastructure in establishing hydrogen hubs and the collaborative efforts required among governments, private investors, and international stakeholders [19][21][25][30] Summary by Sections Infrastructure Importance - Infrastructure planning is crucial for the growth of renewable hydrogen and ammonia, involving components such as power plants, electrolyzers, hydrogen storage facilities, and port facilities [7][10] - The report outlines various configurations for hydrogen production facilities, emphasizing the need for optimal system design to balance production and demand [8][9] Case Studies - Case Study 1: PECEM Hydrogen Hub in Brazil highlights the advantages of shared infrastructure, including storage and unloading facilities, and the potential for significant private capital investment [19][21] - Case Study 2: Freeport Saldanha in South Africa showcases the region's strong solar and wind resources, existing port infrastructure, and local demand for hydrogen and ammonia [21][25] - Case Study 3: SCZONE in Egypt focuses on the strategic location for renewable hydrogen projects and the need for extensive infrastructure development to support large-scale production [25][26] - Case Study 4: Mauritania's hydrogen hub plans involve significant upgrades to ports and transportation networks to facilitate hydrogen production and export [26][27] - Case Study 5: Chile's renewable hydrogen centers aim to leverage its solar and wind resources to become a low-cost exporter of hydrogen and ammonia [30][31] Shared Infrastructure Benefits - The report discusses the benefits of shared infrastructure, including reduced costs, improved asset utilization, and the potential for collaborative investment among multiple stakeholders [45][51] - It emphasizes the importance of public-private partnerships in developing shared hydrogen port terminals and other infrastructure to facilitate ammonia production and export [41][42][43]

Report Industry Investment Rating No relevant information provided. Core Viewpoints - Diversified guarantee mechanisms are crucial for attracting private investment in Brazilian infrastructure projects, and innovative risk mitigation solutions are needed to promote project implementation and create a more attractive investment environment [3] - The franchise law and public - private partnership law have led to significant private participation in Brazilian infrastructure, but there are still issues such as a lack of federal - level PPP projects with public payments and a high local - level project failure rate, highlighting the need for more effective guarantee mechanisms [8][9] - Modernizing public accounting rules, strengthening the monitoring and management of project - related expenditures, and collaborating with MDBs to develop and improve guarantee mechanisms are important steps forward [26][28][30] Summary by Related Content Context of Brazilian Infrastructure Investment - In the 1990s, Brazil reformed to cut public spending and allowed private sector participation in government - managed activities. The Franchise Law (No. 8,897/1995) was established to delegate public services to the private sector [6] - In 2004, Brazil passed Law No. 11,079/2004 to establish public - private partnerships (PPP), allowing public payments to supplement private partners' income in different ways [7] - By 2023, Brazil plans to invest about $905.44 billion in over 4,600 infrastructure projects in the next 30 years, but most PPP projects are signed by local authorities, and the federal government still relies on franchises [8] - After 20 years of the PPP bill implementation, there are no federal - level PPP projects with public payments, and the local - level project failure rate is high, mainly due to financial, regulatory, and planning issues [9] Importance of Guarantees - Diversified guarantee mechanisms are essential for attracting private investment in PPP projects and franchises, providing legal security, reducing perceived risks, and lowering financing costs [10] - Guarantees in PPP projects can mitigate the risks of public entity default or payment delay, protect the interests of franchisees, and enhance investor confidence [12] - Effective guarantees should be liquid, independent of public budgets or political discretion, and free private partners from relying on slow and costly judicial payment mechanisms. Multilateral development bank (MDB) guarantees have added value in this regard [13] Guarantees Stipulated by Brazilian PPP Law - The PPP law provides a detailed list of guarantees, including revenue earmarking, special funds, guarantee insurance, guarantees from international organizations or financial institutions, and guarantee funds or state - owned enterprises [14] - Each type of guarantee has potential advantages and disadvantages. For example, revenue - linked guarantees may be revocable and require court execution, while guarantees from international organizations may have a slow approval process [18] Issues with Public Guarantees - Public guarantees may limit the availability of resources for other projects, as mechanisms like escrow accounts "freeze" public funds, reducing the flexibility and efficiency of public finance allocation [21] - In Brazil, MDB guarantees for PPP projects are only allowed at the local level and are currently classified as credit operations, consuming fiscal space. The limited monitoring of contingent liabilities is a major obstacle to their effective use [22] Forward - Looking Directions - Modernize public accounting rules to "unfreeze" funds. Revise accounting rules to classify MDB guarantees as contingent liabilities rather than immediate debts, but also strengthen the assessment and monitoring of high - risk guarantees [26][27] - Strengthen the monitoring and management of project - related expenditures, especially contingent liabilities. Establish unified guidelines to evaluate and quantify risks and contingent liabilities in PPP contracts, ensuring more accurate accounting and better fiscal risk management [28] - Collaborate with MDBs to develop and improve public guarantee mechanisms. MDB guarantees can enhance the effectiveness and robustness of PPP projects, providing confidence to investors and optimizing resource utilization [30]

Economic Performance - Cambodia's economy shows strong but uneven performance, with manufacturing and services growth driven by stable exports, particularly in garments and tourism[35] - Agricultural sector employment remains significant, supporting 3.1 million jobs, but its contribution to GDP growth is limited, only 0.2 percentage points in 2024[36] - Total rice production increased by 11.0% in 2024, but structural challenges persist, including reliance on weather conditions and price volatility[36] Trade and Investment - Exports to the US, especially garments, remain strong, with a year-on-year growth of 11.6% in Q1 2025, contributing significantly to consumer confidence[38] - Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows are primarily from China, accounting for 65.5% of total net FDI, while domestic investment approvals have sharply declined by 96.7% year-on-year[39][43] - Total goods exports reached $26.673 billion in 2024, with a significant contribution from the garment, travel goods, and footwear sectors[43] Inflation and Monetary Policy - Inflation rose to 3.7% in March 2025, driven mainly by food price increases, while broad money supply growth reached 19.0%[38] - The banking sector reported a non-performing loan (NPL) rate of 7.9% by the end of 2024, indicating deteriorating asset quality[40] Fiscal Policy and Public Debt - Central government revenue increased by 11.2% year-on-year in Q1 2025, primarily due to significant growth in VAT and non-tax revenues[40] - Public debt remains low at 25.9% of GDP as of the end of 2024, with a projected fiscal deficit of 2.7% of GDP for 2025[41] Social Impact and Inequality - Economic recovery has been uneven, with household consumption per capita growing by 8% from 2021 to 2023, but disparities exist between income groups[42] - The poorest 20% saw a 7% increase in consumption, while the wealthiest 20% experienced a 10% increase, highlighting income inequality[42]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the healthcare sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) Core Insights - The DRC aims to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2030, but faces significant challenges due to limitations in budget execution and allocation, leading to a reliance on household and donor funding rather than government support [5][23] - Government health budget execution rates are low, with an average execution rate of 47.6% from 2016 to 2020, significantly below the overall government spending average of 80% [39][40] - The health budget is heavily skewed towards personnel costs, which account for 60% of total health budget expenditures, limiting the ability to execute other spending categories [53] Summary by Sections 1. Health Financing Background - From 2016 to 2021, household payments and donor contributions accounted for over 80% of total healthcare spending, while government financing ranged from 10% to 16% [23][24] - Total healthcare spending was estimated between $19 and $22 per capita from 2013 to 2019, far below the $86 per capita needed for UHC [24] 2. Health Budget Execution - The average execution rate of the health budget was 47.6% compared to the initial budget allocation, with significant variations across budget categories [39][40] - The execution rate for personnel costs was 103%, while other categories, such as provincial allocations and hospital funding, had execution rates below 20% [40][41] - In 2019, only six out of over fifty departments achieved budget execution for operational costs, highlighting severe inefficiencies [45] 3. Public Financial Management Controls in Health Expenditure - The report identifies a lack of integration between strategic planning and budget preparation, leading to challenges in resource allocation [58] - Budget management rules are often ignored, with some agencies systematically overspending their allocations, which reduces available resources for other departments [55][72] - The procurement process is cumbersome, leading to delays and inefficiencies in budget execution [56][68] 4. Good Practices and Bottlenecks - The establishment of a tripartite health-budget-finance committee aims to monitor budget execution and improve coordination among stakeholders [70] - Key bottlenecks include unrealistic revenue forecasts, a highly centralized budget execution process, and a lack of respect for budget management rules [72][73]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry analyzed Core Insights - Bogotá has utilized the valorization levy as a mechanism to finance urban transport projects, capturing increased land value resulting from infrastructure improvements [13][14] - The report highlights the historical context and legal framework that has enabled Bogotá to effectively implement land value capture strategies [50][51] - The analysis of various valorization programs from 1995 to 2018 reveals both successes and challenges in financing urban development through this levy [21][62] Summary by Sections Introduction - The introduction outlines the significance of land value capture in financing urban growth, particularly in cities with limited public resources [12][20] Literature Review - The economic foundation of land value capture is discussed, emphasizing how transport projects can justify the betterment levy by increasing mobility and land value [26][41] - The betterment levy is defined as a one-time payment by property owners benefiting from infrastructure improvements, contrasting it with recurring property taxes [42][44] Legal Foundations - Colombia's legal framework for valorization dates back to 1921, allowing municipalities to capture value from infrastructure investments [50][51] - The report details the evolution of laws governing the valorization levy and its implementation in Bogotá [53][54] Programs Financed Through the Valorization Levy - The report analyzes five key programs (1995, 2005, 2010, 2013, and 2018) that utilized the valorization levy, detailing their objectives, funding amounts, and outcomes [62][73] - The 2005 Mega Valorization Program is highlighted as a significant initiative, covering a wide range of transport projects across the city [73][74] Evolution of Tax Revenue - The report examines the evolution of tax revenue in Bogotá, including the impact of the valorization levy and congestion charging on overall fiscal health [6][27] - It emphasizes the importance of a well-structured cadaster for effective tax collection and the relationship between property values and the betterment levy [46][48] Lessons for Other Cities - Bogotá's experience with the betterment levy offers valuable lessons for other developing cities seeking to finance transport projects through value-capture instruments [16][21]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the transport resilience financing industry Core Insights - The report emphasizes the urgent need for investment in resilient transport infrastructure in low- and middle-income countries, with a potential return of US$ 4 for every US$ 1 invested [24] - It highlights the significant gap in adaptation financing, with adaptation finance in 2022 amounting to only US$ 63 billion, compared to US$ 1,150 billion for mitigation finance, indicating a need for increased focus on adaptation efforts [49] - The report outlines a roadmap for mobilizing funding and engaging the private sector to enhance transport resilience, suggesting that innovative approaches and strategic partnerships are essential [20][34] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - Transport infrastructure is vulnerable to climate risks, which can lead to severe economic and social impacts [23] - Investing in resilient infrastructure is crucial for adapting to climate change, particularly in developing countries [24] - The report identifies challenges in securing funding for resilience projects, including the difficulty in measuring benefits and the imbalance between mitigation and adaptation financing [26][27] Climate Finance Facilities - The report identifies 42 climate finance facilities, with only a few explicitly prioritizing transport resilience [74][75] - It notes that most facilities offer grants, with limited options for loans or equity [80] Public Funding Mechanisms and Tax Measures - The report reviews 33 public funding mechanisms, finding that while many support the transport sector, few explicitly address resilience [84][90] - It identifies 29 tax measures that could potentially raise revenue for transport resilience investments, including infrastructure levies and carbon taxes [97][99] Barriers, Opportunities, and Interventions for Promoting Private Sector Participation - The report discusses barriers to private sector participation in climate-resilient transport, including the need for better data and transparency [107] - It emphasizes the importance of stakeholder engagement and the need for tailored solutions to promote private sector involvement [107]

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - The total direct economic damage from the March 28, 2025 earthquake in Myanmar is estimated at US$10.97 billion, which is approximately 14 percent of Myanmar's GDP for the financial year 2024/25. The damage estimate ranges between US$6.24 billion and US$15.82 billion due to considerable uncertainty [23][19][21] - The earthquake has significantly impacted over 17 million people, with reported fatalities of 3,655 and over 198,000 displaced individuals. The event is characterized as one of the most impactful seismic occurrences in Myanmar's history [20][56] - The GRADE methodology utilized for damage estimation combines earthquake damage modeling, catastrophe risk modeling, and assessments of capital stock value across various sectors [21][64] Summary by Sections Executive Summary - The report summarizes the direct economic damage to buildings and infrastructure caused by the earthquake, providing critical insights for response and recovery planning [19] - The assessment does not include losses or needs related to the disaster [19] Introduction - The earthquake struck central Myanmar, affecting key regions including Nay Pyi Taw and Mandalay, during a period of internal conflict and humanitarian crisis [31][32] - The event is noted as the strongest recorded seismic event in Myanmar since 1912 or possibly 1839 [51][29] Damage Estimation Methodology - The GRADE assessment follows a rapid estimation approach to assess direct economic impacts, focusing on physical assets [64] - The methodology includes hazard analysis and exposure modeling to estimate damage accurately [68][70] Key Findings - Residential buildings accounted for the highest damage at US$4.97 billion, followed by non-residential buildings at US$2.63 billion and infrastructure damage at US$3.36 billion [23][24] - Mandalay, Sagaing, and Bago regions were the most severely impacted, representing 82 percent of the total damage [23][24] - Recovery and reconstruction costs are expected to exceed direct damage estimates, necessitating targeted recovery strategies [26] Impacts on Population - Affected households in the most impacted areas could experience consumption losses of up to 25 percent, particularly among socioeconomically vulnerable groups [26] - The earthquake has caused extensive damage to cultural heritage, with over 9,643 religious structures affected [60]