SHANGHAI IND H(00363)

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上海实业控股(00363) - 2020 - 年度财报

2021-04-16 04:24
Financial Performance - For the fiscal year 2020, the total revenue of the company was HKD 27.138 billion, representing a year-on-year decline of 16.1%[14] - The net profit for the year was HKD 2.219 billion, a decrease of 33.8% compared to the previous year[14] - The group's audited revenue and profit attributable to shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2020, were HKD 27.138 billion and HKD 2.219 billion, representing a decrease of 16.1% and 33.8% respectively compared to the previous year[40] - The profit attributable to the company’s owners was HKD 2.219 billion, down 33.8% from HKD 3.350 billion in the previous year[98] - The group’s total revenue for 2020 was HKD 27.138 billion, a decrease of 16.1% from HKD 32.345 billion in 2019[98] Business Segments Performance - The infrastructure business recorded a profit of HKD 1.156 billion, down 34.2% year-on-year[17] - The consumer goods segment reported a net profit of HKD 518 million, down 53.0% year-on-year, but still contributed significantly to the group's overall profit and cash flow[19] - The real estate business achieved a profit of HKD 770 million, remaining stable year-on-year, while the revenue for the year was HKD 6.357 billion, a decrease of 25.9% compared to last year[18] - The infrastructure segment reported a net profit of approximately HKD 1,155.82 million, accounting for 47.3% of total net profit, representing a year-on-year decline of 34.2%[106] - The consumer goods segment's net profit was HKD 518.34 million, accounting for 21.2% of total net profit, down 53.0% year-on-year, with tobacco sales revenue declining by 44.0% due to the pandemic[107] Dividends and Shareholder Returns - The company proposed a final dividend of HKD 0.52 per share, consistent with the previous year[17] - The board proposed a final dividend of HKD 0.52 per share, maintaining the same level as the previous year, resulting in a total dividend of HKD 0.89 per share for 2020, down from HKD 1.53 per share in 2019[115] Operational Management and Strategy - The company effectively managed resources to stabilize core business operations despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic[14] - The company aims to enhance operational efficiency and risk management while pursuing innovation and optimizing asset allocation to maximize shareholder value[30] - The company is focusing on investment opportunities in emerging industries and sectors during the ongoing reform and transformation[63] - The company plans to explore new sales channels less affected by the pandemic, particularly in the airport duty-free and overseas markets[31] Infrastructure and Environmental Initiatives - The company secured a land plot in Shanghai's Hongkou District for approximately RMB 3.9 billion, aiming to create a new cultural and entertainment complex[26] - Shanghai Industrial Environment has over 200 projects with a total capacity of 12,890,000 tons per day, focusing on water pollution prevention and solid waste management in the Yangtze River basin[22] - The company established a joint venture to invest in solid waste power generation in China, acquiring a 30.22% stake in Kangheng Environment for RMB 2.9988 billion, enhancing its position in the waste incineration sector[42][43] Corporate Governance and Risk Management - The group has implemented rigorous corporate governance measures to ensure transparency and accountability, enhancing internal controls and risk management systems[127] - The company has established a standard code for securities trading, ensuring compliance with regulations by all directors and relevant employees[144] - The company’s internal audit department is responsible for monitoring the effectiveness of risk management and internal control systems, reporting quarterly to the audit committee and the board[170] Market and Investment Activities - The company is exploring investment opportunities in the biopharmaceutical sector in collaboration with leading companies, aiming to expand into the health business area[26] - The company is actively pursuing new strategies for market expansion and product development to enhance its competitive position[89] - A total investment of RMB 600 million was made in the Chuanhu Innovation Fund, focusing on the artificial intelligence industry, with the company contributing RMB 100 million[69] Project Development and Sales - The company achieved a total contracted sales amount of RMB 5 billion, with a signed area of approximately 228,800 square meters, including several key projects in Shanghai and Quanzhou[68] - The total construction area of major development projects reached approximately 4,812,076 square meters, with 2,361,299 square meters of land area under development[76] - The company has a total of 12,007,809 square meters of planned construction area across various projects, with a cumulative sold area of 4,957,999 square meters[80] Employee and Investor Relations - In 2020, the company reported employee compensation expenses totaling HKD 1.771 billion, an increase from HKD 1.707 billion in 2019[188] - The company actively engaged in online investor relations activities, including participation in the Asia-Pacific Investment Summit and hosting a reverse roadshow in Hong Kong[183] - The company received the "4th China Excellent IR Best Disclosure Award" and an excellence certificate from the Hong Kong Investor Relations Association, enhancing its professional image in the capital market[183]
上海实业控股(00363) - 2019 - 年度财报

2020-04-15 08:39
Financial Performance - For the year ended December 31, 2019, the total revenue of the company was HKD 32.345 billion, representing a year-on-year increase of 6.4%[12] - The net profit for the same period was HKD 3.350 billion, which is a slight increase of 0.5% compared to the previous year[12] - The group's audited revenue for the year ended December 31, 2019, was HKD 32.345 billion, an increase of 6.4% compared to the previous year[27] - Shareholders' profit for the same period was HKD 3.350 billion, a slight increase of 0.5% year-on-year[27] - The company achieved a net profit of HKD 3.35 billion in 2019, representing a 0.5% increase compared to 2018[92] - Revenue for the year reached HKD 16.44 billion, a year-on-year growth of 5.9%, driven by strong performance in the packaging and premium box segments[89] - The company’s total assets increased by 4.5% to HKD 174.94 billion in 2019[91] - The company’s basic earnings per share rose to HKD 3.081, a 0.5% increase from HKD 3.066 in 2018[90] - The overall gross profit margin increased by 0.4 percentage points compared to 2018, mainly due to a higher proportion of operating income from the infrastructure business[103] Dividends - The board proposed a final dividend of HKD 0.52 per share for 2019, consistent with the previous year's dividend[8] - The interim dividend for 2018 was HKD 0.48 per share, with the total dividend for that year being HKD 1.00 per share[8] - The company proposed a final dividend of HKD 0.52 per share, with a total dividend payout ratio of 49.7% for 2019, compared to 32.6% in 2018[105] Business Segments - The company is focused on core businesses in infrastructure, environmental protection, real estate, and consumer goods[12] - The infrastructure and environmental business recorded a profit of HKD 1.756 billion in 2019, a year-on-year increase of 0.4%[14] - The water business achieved a revenue of RMB 5.960 billion and a net profit of RMB 600 million, representing year-on-year increases of 12.2% and 11.1% respectively[14] - The real estate business reported a profit of HKD 780 million, a decrease of 30.2% year-on-year, primarily due to a high base effect from the previous year[14] - The consumer goods business maintained stable development with a net profit of HKD 1.104 billion, up 2.5% year-on-year[14] Strategic Initiatives - The company aims to strengthen internal controls and enhance operational efficiency while expanding its asset scale[12] - The company plans to continue exploring innovative business areas to support long-term development[12] - The group plans to optimize asset and financial structures in the real estate sector to enhance capital efficiency and manage overall risks[22] - The consumer goods segment will continue product innovation and upgrade production equipment to maintain industry leadership and enhance profitability[23] - The group aims to expand its water and environmental protection business investment scale while maintaining operational efficiency in toll roads[29] Environmental Projects - The company has several projects under construction, including the Heilongjiang Jiamusi City East District Wastewater Treatment Plant with a capacity of 100,000 tons, which is in the debugging phase[42] - The company has operational projects in Guangxi, including the Beihai Hongkan Wastewater Treatment Plant with a capacity of 200,000 tons, which is at 55% completion[40] - The company is focusing on expanding its market presence through the development of new wastewater treatment facilities across various provinces in China[40] - The company has multiple wastewater treatment projects in Heilongjiang, with a total capacity of 15,000 tons (57.5% equity) for the Ning'an project, which has commenced trial operations[44] - The company is actively pursuing upgrades and expansions in existing facilities, such as the Luoyang Dongcheng wastewater treatment plant, which is undergoing renovations while already operational[46] Governance and Compliance - The company has established a governance structure with functional committees and an executive management organization to ensure adherence to good governance principles[119] - As of December 31, 2019, the company complied with all provisions of the Corporate Governance Code[120] - The board of directors consists of eight members, including the chairman and CEO, with diverse professional backgrounds and extensive experience in various fields[123] - The company has four independent non-executive directors, exceeding one-third of the board, with at least one possessing relevant financial expertise[125] - The company actively monitors risk management and internal control systems to ensure their effectiveness and appropriateness[119] Market Expansion and Innovation - The company is investing in new technology development, allocating $10 million for R&D in the upcoming fiscal year[177] - Market expansion plans include entering two new international markets by the end of the year[177] - The company is considering strategic acquisitions to enhance its market position, with a budget of $30 million allocated for potential deals[177] - The management team emphasized the importance of sustainability initiatives, aiming for a 25% reduction in carbon emissions by 2025[177] - A new marketing strategy is set to increase brand awareness, targeting a 15% growth in market share within the next year[177]
上海实业控股(00363) - 2019 - 中期财报

2019-09-13 02:54
Financial Performance - The total revenue for the first half of 2019 was HKD 16.662 billion, representing an 8.6% year-on-year increase[16]. - Net profit for the same period was HKD 2.010 billion, showing a 1.4% year-on-year increase[16]. - The group's total revenue for the first half of 2019 was HKD 16.662 billion, up 8.6% year-on-year, with a net profit attributable to shareholders of HKD 2.010 billion, a 1.4% increase[29]. - The net profit attributable to the group was HKD 706 million, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 4.1%[33]. - The group reported a profit attributable to owners of the company of HKD 1,981,860 for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared to HKD 1,164,599 in the previous year, reflecting a significant increase of approximately 70%[165]. - The profit attributable to the company's owners for the first half of 2019 was HKD 2.01 billion, reflecting a 1.4% increase from HKD 1.98 billion in the previous year[83]. Dividends - The company declared an interim dividend of one share of Shanghai Industrial City Holdings for every share held, with a total of 1,087,211,600 shares issued[12][16]. - The interim dividend record date is set for September 26, 2019, with shares expected to be distributed around October 18, 2019[12][16]. - The company did not declare any further cash dividends for the period, with the previous year's cash dividend being HKD 0.48 per share[12][16]. - The interim dividend declared was HKD 565,350, representing an increase from HKD 521,862 in the previous year[174]. Business Segments Performance - The group's infrastructure business recorded a profit of HKD 1.016 billion in the first half of 2019, an increase of 5.5% year-on-year[31]. - The water business achieved a revenue of RMB 2.922 billion and a net profit of RMB 300 million, representing year-on-year increases of 2.5% and 17.4% respectively[17]. - The real estate business generated a profit of HKD 552 million, a decrease of 5.9% year-on-year, primarily due to a high base from the previous year[17]. - The consumer goods business reported a net profit of HKD 561 million, reflecting a year-on-year increase of 2.5%[19]. - The infrastructure segment contributed approximately HKD 1.01 billion to the group's profit, accounting for 47.7% of total profit, with a year-on-year increase of 5.5%[87]. - The real estate segment recorded a profit of approximately HKD 552.4 million, a decrease of 5.9% compared to the previous year, primarily due to lower property sales revenue[87]. - The consumer goods segment's net profit was approximately HKD 560.6 million, representing a year-on-year increase of 2.5%[87]. Strategic Initiatives - The company aims to enhance operational efficiency and strengthen internal controls while optimizing capital structure through market financing channels[16]. - The company is focusing on strategic and risk management improvements across its subsidiaries to promote business collaboration and innovation[16]. - The company is committed to providing shareholders with direct benefits from the future business developments of its subsidiaries[16]. - The company is navigating challenges such as global economic slowdown and international trade tensions while pursuing its annual development strategy[16]. - The group plans to enhance its real estate business by optimizing sales strategies, achieving contract sales amounting to RMB 3.415 billion during the period[20]. - The group is focusing on technological innovation and production optimization in its tobacco business to enhance product quality and competitiveness[21]. - The group aims to further expand its investment scale in the water business and improve management models to promote rapid business development[24]. - The group will continue to seek suitable investment opportunities while optimizing its debt and capital structure in the real estate sector[24]. Capital Structure and Financial Position - The total assets of Shanghai Industrial Holdings as of June 30, 2019, were HKD 172.21 billion, a 2.9% increase from HKD 167.42 billion at the end of 2018[81]. - The net debt ratio increased to 71.91% from 61.57% in the previous year, indicating a rise in leverage[81]. - Total borrowings amounted to approximately HKD 57.43 billion, up from HKD 51.51 billion at the end of 2018, with 64.1% being unsecured credit facilities[97]. - The group has capital commitments of HKD 14.43 billion as of June 30, 2019, compared to HKD 12.25 billion at the end of 2018, primarily related to business development and fixed asset investments[101]. - Cash and short-term investments held by the group were HKD 26.76 billion and HKD 0.94 billion, respectively, as of June 30, 2019, showing an increase from HKD 26.15 billion and HKD 0.63 billion at the end of 2018[101]. - The group has pledged assets with a total book value of HKD 9.96 billion in investment properties to secure bank credit facilities[98]. Project Developments - The group signed multiple project agreements, including a waste-to-energy BOT project in Shandong with a total investment of approximately RMB 600 million, designed to process 1,200 tons of waste daily[36]. - The group completed the upgrade of the wastewater treatment plant in Shanghai, increasing the treatment standard from Class II to Class A for a capacity of 100,000 tons per day[37]. - The group achieved a successful operational launch of the wastewater treatment project in Dalian, with a design capacity of 20,000 tons per day and Class A discharge standards[39]. - The company has multiple sewage treatment projects in Anhui and Fujian, with several projects already operational and others under construction[41][43]. - The company has successfully launched multiple wastewater treatment projects in Heilongjiang, with a total capacity of 1,045,000 tons, of which 57.3% to 75.5% equity is held in various projects[44][46]. - The company is currently expanding its wastewater treatment capacity in several locations, including the ongoing construction of a 100,000-ton project in Jiamusi and a 40,000-ton project in Shuangyashan[46]. Market Expansion and Innovation - The company is actively pursuing technology innovation to strengthen its core competitiveness in the water services industry[40]. - The company aims to enhance asset quality and optimize its capital and profit structures[40]. - The company is focused on expanding its market presence through strategic acquisitions and project developments[40]. - The company is strategically positioning itself for future growth by expanding its project portfolio across various provinces, ensuring a robust pipeline of wastewater treatment solutions[47]. - The company is investing in technology upgrades for existing facilities, with projects like the Wanzai Industrial Park Wastewater Treatment Plant undergoing enhancements to increase capacity and efficiency[49]. Lease Accounting - The group applied HKFRS 16 "Leases" for the first time during the reporting period, replacing HKAS 17 "Leases" and related interpretations[127]. - The group recognizes right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease, measured at cost less any accumulated depreciation and impairment losses[131]. - Lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of unpaid lease payments at the lease commencement date[137]. - The application of HKFRS 16 did not have a significant impact on the financial position and performance of the group during the reporting period[126]. - The company opted for a practical expedient not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of 12 months or less[145].
上海实业控股(00363) - 2018 - 年度财报

2019-04-17 03:40
Financial Performance - The company achieved a net profit of HKD 3.333 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing a year-on-year increase of 6.3%[12]. - Total revenue for the company was HKD 30.413 billion, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 3.0%[12]. - The total assets of Shanghai Industrial Holdings Limited reached HKD 167.4 billion by the end of 2018, with a shareholder profit of HKD 3.333 billion, representing a 6.3% increase year-on-year[21]. - The audited revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018, was HKD 30.413 billion, reflecting a 3.0% increase compared to the previous year[24]. - The company reported a total revenue of HKD 30,412,883 thousand, an increase from HKD 29,520,325 thousand in 2017, representing a growth of approximately 3%[180]. - Gross profit for 2018 was HKD 11,648,261 thousand, slightly down from HKD 11,842,293 thousand in 2017, indicating a decrease of about 1.6%[180]. - Net profit for the year was HKD 5,093,671 thousand, compared to HKD 5,134,725 thousand in the previous year, reflecting a decline of approximately 0.8%[183]. - The company reported a significant decrease in other comprehensive income, totaling HKD (4,017,710) thousand in 2018 compared to HKD 4,684,164 thousand in 2017[183]. - The total comprehensive income for the year was HKD 1,075,961 thousand, down from HKD 9,818,889 thousand in the previous year, indicating a substantial decline[183]. Dividends and Shareholder Returns - The board proposed a final dividend of HKD 0.52 per share for 2018, up from HKD 0.48 per share in 2017, resulting in a total annual dividend of HKD 1.00 per share[8][12]. - The total dividend for the year is HKD 1.00 per share, with a payout ratio of 32.6%, unchanged from 2017[86]. - The group reported a mid-term dividend of HKD 521,861,000, equating to HKD 0.48 per share, and proposed a final dividend of HKD 0.52 per share for shareholders on the register as of May 29, 2019[151]. Business Segments Performance - The infrastructure and environmental business recorded a profit of HKD 1.749 billion, an increase of 14.0% year-on-year[12]. - The real estate business reported a profit increase of 27.2% due to the company's 49% stake in the "Shangshi • Haishang Bay" project, resulting in significant revenue recognition from project handovers[13]. - The consumer goods segment achieved a net profit of HKD 1.076 billion, a year-on-year increase of 0.6%, contributing stable profits and cash flow to the group[13]. - The infrastructure segment reported a profit of HKD 1.749 billion, up 14.0% year-on-year, contributing 44.3% to the group's net profit[27]. - The real estate segment saw a profit of HKD 1,117,805, marking a significant increase of 27.2% compared to the previous year[75]. - The consumer products segment's profit was HKD 1,076,469, with a slight increase of 0.6% year-on-year[75]. Acquisitions and Investments - The group acquired an additional 73,660,000 shares of Guangdong Environmental Protection at HKD 3.92 per share, totaling an investment of approximately HKD 289 million, increasing its stake to about 17.52%[14]. - The group completed the acquisition of 100% equity in Shangtou Real Estate for approximately RMB 531 million and 35% equity in Beibu Investment for about RMB 88.34 million[17]. - The company invested approximately HKD 257 million in China Tonghai H-shares, acquiring a 3.7% stake, to enter the nuclear medicine sector[52]. - The company completed the acquisition of Shanghai Investment Real Estate Group in April 2018, with a total consideration of HKD 332,516,000[192]. Operational Efficiency and Management - The company emphasized improving internal controls and operational efficiency amidst global market challenges[12]. - The company aims to optimize its asset structure and project layout in the real estate sector while enhancing management capabilities and profitability[20]. - The company has implemented strict credit risk management policies for its cash and securities investments, ensuring they are held in reputable financial institutions[92]. - The company has established a performance evaluation mechanism to assess employee compensation based on company performance and market trends[116]. Market Expansion and Future Strategies - The company plans to continue investing in clean energy sectors such as offshore wind power and maintain stable growth in toll revenue from its highways and bridges[20]. - The company is actively developing new market areas across the country, enhancing its capital structure and promoting sustainable development[34]. - The company is exploring potential mergers and acquisitions to further enhance its operational capacity and market reach in the wastewater treatment sector[36]. - The company plans to accelerate project development and explore new sectors such as urban renewal, long-term rental apartments, and senior housing in 2019[55]. Corporate Governance - The board of directors consists of eight members, including the Chairman and CEO, with an average tenure of 8.5 years[99]. - The company has established a nomination policy and a dividend policy to enhance corporate governance in accordance with the revised Corporate Governance Code[96]. - The company has implemented a risk management and internal control system to monitor financial, operational, and compliance aspects[95]. - The independent non-executive directors constitute more than one-third of the board, ensuring compliance with independence requirements[101]. Environmental and Social Responsibility - The company has a strong commitment to sustainability and environmental protection through its wastewater treatment initiatives, contributing to improved water quality in the regions it serves[37]. - The company has engaged in charitable and other donations during the year amounting to HKD 995,000[167]. Financial Position and Liabilities - The net debt ratio increased to 61.57% from 47.40% in the previous year[73]. - The total liabilities as of December 31, 2018, were reported at 5,590,355,000, indicating a manageable debt level relative to equity[189]. - The total equity attributable to owners of the company was HKD 41,275,296 thousand, a decrease from HKD 41,742,566 thousand in 2017[187]. - The company reported a significant increase in cash and cash equivalents, totaling HKD 25,132,470 thousand compared to HKD 31,533,394 thousand in 2017[185].
上海实业控股(00363) - 2018 - 年度财报

2019-04-16 09:07
Financial Performance - The company achieved a net profit of HKD 3.333 billion for the year ended December 31, 2018, representing a year-on-year increase of 6.3%[12]. - Total revenue for the company was HKD 30.413 billion, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 3.0%[12]. - The total assets of Shanghai Industrial Holdings Limited reached HKD 167.4 billion by the end of 2018, with a shareholder profit of HKD 3.333 billion, representing a 6.3% increase year-on-year[21]. - The audited revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018, was HKD 30.413 billion, reflecting a 3.0% increase compared to the previous year[24]. - The company reported a significant decrease in net investment income, which was HKD 530.558 million in 2017, down from HKD 850.218 million[180]. - The net profit for the year was HKD 5,093.671 million, compared to HKD 5,134.725 million in the previous year, reflecting a decrease of approximately 0.8%[183]. - The company reported a total comprehensive income for the year ended December 31, 2018, of HKD 3,333,020,000[191]. Dividends and Shareholder Returns - The board proposed a final dividend of HKD 0.52 per share for 2018, up from HKD 0.48 per share in 2017, resulting in a total annual dividend of HKD 1.00 per share[8]. - The total dividend for the year is HKD 1.00 per share, an increase from HKD 0.94 per share in 2017, with a dividend payout ratio of 32.6%[86]. - The company allocated 1,000,234,000 for dividends, reflecting its commitment to returning value to shareholders[189]. Business Segments Performance - The infrastructure and environmental business recorded a profit of HKD 1.749 billion, an increase of 14.0% year-on-year[12]. - The real estate business reported a profit increase of 27.2% due to the company's 49% stake in the "Shangshi • Haishang Bay" project, resulting in significant revenue recognition from project handovers[13]. - The consumer goods segment achieved a net profit of HKD 1.076 billion, a year-on-year increase of 0.6%, while actively pursuing business transformation and innovation[13]. - The real estate segment contributed HKD 1.118 billion to the group's net profit, a year-on-year increase of 27.2%, accounting for approximately 28.4% of the total net profit[53]. - The consumer products segment's profit remained stable at HKD 1.08 billion, with a slight increase of 0.6% despite rising material costs[79]. Acquisitions and Investments - The company acquired an additional 73,660,000 shares of Guangdong Environmental Protection at HKD 3.92 per share, totaling an investment of approximately HKD 289 million, increasing its stake to about 17.52%[14]. - The company completed the acquisition of 100% equity in Shangtou Real Estate for approximately RMB 5.31 billion and 35% equity in Beibu Investment for approximately RMB 883.4 million[17]. - The company completed the acquisition of Shanghai Investment Real Estate Group in April 2018, with a total consideration of HKD 332,516,000 and HKD 10,324,000 for certain assets and liabilities[192]. Operational Efficiency and Management - The company is focused on improving internal controls and operational efficiency amidst global market challenges[12]. - The company aims to optimize its asset structure and project layout while focusing on core businesses and seeking suitable investment opportunities[20]. - The company is actively expanding into new market regions and optimizing its capital structure to enhance sustainable development[34]. - The company has strict requirements for credit risk management, ensuring that cash and securities are held in reputable financial institutions[92]. Governance and Compliance - The company maintains a strong governance framework, ensuring effective risk management and internal controls to enhance accountability and transparency[94]. - The board consists of eight members, including four independent non-executive directors, ensuring compliance with governance codes and maintaining a diverse professional background[99]. - The company has established a nomination policy and a dividend policy to comply with regulatory requirements and enhance governance standards[96]. Environmental and Infrastructure Projects - The company’s water treatment capacity reached 11,743,000 tons per day, and combined with Zhonghuan Water, the total capacity is 18,542,000 tons per day[15]. - The company is advancing smart bridge construction, with over half of the HD monitoring upgrades completed and multiple digital applications showing initial results[31]. - The company has operational wastewater treatment projects with a total daily capacity of 1,025,000 tons across various provinces, with significant projects in Guangdong and Anhui[36]. Future Growth and Strategy - The company plans to continue investing in clean energy sectors such as offshore wind power and maintain stable growth in toll road revenues through effective management[20]. - The company aims to complete the transformation project for 12,066 users in Jiangnan Group by August 2019, enhancing service efficiency[34]. - The company is investing in technology and innovation to improve its product offerings and maintain competitive advantage[189].