Jiayin Group(JFIN)
Search documents
Jiayin Group(JFIN) - 2022 Q4 - Annual Report
2023-04-27 16:00
Currency and Financial Reporting - The company's reporting currency is Renminbi (RMB) due to its primary business operations in China, with all revenues denominated in RMB. Currency conversions to USD are based on the rate of RMB 6.8972 to USD 1.00 as of December 30, 2022[18] - The company's financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2022, were audited by Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, a PCAOB-inspected firm, and the company does not expect to be identified as a "Commission-Identified Issuer" for the fiscal year 2022[25] - The company's financial statements for 2022 were audited by Marcum Asia, a PCAOB-inspected firm, reducing the risk of being identified as a "Commission-Identified Issuer"[89] Regulatory and Compliance Risks - The company faces risks related to its corporate structure and contractual arrangements with Jiayin Finance, which could be deemed non-compliant with PRC regulations, potentially leading to severe penalties or loss of control over the consolidated VIE[25] - The company operates primarily in China and is subject to evolving PRC laws and regulations, including data security, anti-monopoly concerns, and overseas listing approvals, which could impact its business operations and ability to accept foreign investments[25] - The PCAOB's ability to inspect and investigate accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong remains uncertain, which could affect the company's status as a "Commission-Identified Issuer" and risk delisting from U.S. exchanges[25] - The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023, amended the HFCAA to reduce the number of consecutive years an issuer can be identified as a "Commission-Identified Issuer" before trading prohibitions are imposed from three years to two[26] - The company is required to complete filing procedures with the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) within three business days after the closing of future offerings[76] - The Provisions on Confidentiality and Archives Management require the company to establish a confidentiality and archives management system for overseas securities offerings[77] - The company believes there is a relatively low likelihood of being subject to cybersecurity review by the CAC for future securities offerings, as neither the company nor its consolidated VIE is recognized as critical information infrastructure operators[80] - Data processed by the company and its consolidated VIE does not impact national security, reducing the likelihood of CAC oversight[80] - The company may require value-added telecommunications business licenses for its online platforms, and failure to obtain these licenses could result in sanctions or platform closure[80] - The company faces risks related to PRC regulatory approvals for future securities offerings, which could delay or prevent such offerings and impact its listing status[82] - Changes in PRC laws or regulations could require additional approvals or filings, potentially leading to regulatory actions or sanctions[83] - The company's VIE structure and contractual arrangements with Jiayin Finance are subject to legal and regulatory uncertainties, which could affect enforceability and operations[84] - The PRC government's influence and policy changes could materially impact the company's business, financial condition, and operations[84] - The company relies on dividends from PRC subsidiaries for funding, and any limitations on these payments could adversely affect its liquidity[86] - The PCAOB's ability to inspect accounting firms in mainland China and Hong Kong remains uncertain, which could impact the company's compliance and listing status[89] - The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 reduces the number of consecutive years an issuer can be identified as a Commission-Identified Issuer before the SEC must impose a trading prohibition from three years to two[90] - The company operates in China's online consumer finance marketplace, an emerging and evolving industry with uncertain future prospects[100] - China's online consumer finance industry is relatively new and may not develop as expected, with evolving regulatory frameworks[101] - The company faces risks in navigating an evolving regulatory environment, expanding borrower and institutional funding partner bases, and maintaining credit standards[102] - The company's business could be materially affected if it fails to comply with existing or future laws and regulations governing the online consumer finance industry in China[105] - The PRC government has yet to establish a comprehensive regulatory framework for the online consumer finance industry, relying on general laws and regulations[106] - The company has adjusted its cooperation model with institutional funding partners to comply with Circular 141, but uncertainties remain regarding full compliance[110] - Circular 141 prohibits banking financial institutions from outsourcing core businesses like credit examination and risk control, which could impact the company's services[111] - The company engages licensed third-party financing guarantee companies to provide financing guarantees to institutional funding partners, with additional risk management measures[114] - The company and the VIE Group are working to achieve full "disconnection" of personal information from financial institutions by April 2023, as required by the PBOC's notice in July 2021[117] - The company and the VIE Group face regulatory uncertainties due to their cooperation with institutional funding partners, including potential licensing requirements and fines if commitments are deemed unapproved financing guarantee business[115][129] - The company is subject to CBIRC Circular 37, which prohibits providing financing guarantee services without approval, potentially exposing it to regulatory risks and penalties[129] - The company's institutional funding partners may face regulatory or operational limitations, potentially leading to higher funding costs or reduced funding availability[137][138] - The company must comply with PRC regulations on interest rates and fees, with non-compliance potentially leading to penalties, suspension, or cessation of operations[151][155] - The PBOC has clarified the calculation of the "total annual interest rate," which includes interest and other fees directly related to the loan[152][154] - Institutional funding partners may lower the annual percentage rate of charge if the cap on borrowing costs is further reduced by new or existing regulations[155] - The company is subject to stringent PRC regulations on personal information protection, with potential penalties for non-compliance including fines up to RMB1 million and business license revocation[208][211] Corporate Structure and Ownership - The company's ADSs represent four Class A ordinary shares, and its corporate structure includes Jiayin Group Inc. as the parent company and Jiayin Finance as the consolidated VIE[17] - Jiayin Finance is owned 58% by Mr. Dinggui Yan, 27% by Jinmushuihuotu Investment, 12% by Mr. Guanglin Zhang, and 3% by Mr. Yuanle Wu[41] - PT. Jayindo Fintek Pratama is owned 85% by Jiayin Group and became a subsidiary after the business combination in April 2019[43] - Jiayin Group operates in China through PRC subsidiaries and contractual arrangements with the consolidated VIE, Jiayin Finance, which is not directly owned by Jiayin Group[37] - Jiayin Southeast Asia Holdings Limited was established in February 2018 to develop and operate overseas business[40] Financial Performance and Metrics - The company's loan origination volume and investment volume are key metrics, with M3+ Delinquency Rate by Vintage calculated as the weighted average of delinquent loans over 90 days past due[17] - The company's registered users and repeat borrowers are critical to its platform, with repeat borrowers defined as those who have borrowed at least twice since registration[17] - The consolidated VIE had accumulated deficits of RMB1,222 million, RMB1,130 million, and RMB965 million (US$139.9 million) as of December 31, 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively[29] - Consolidated VIE accumulated deficits were RMB1,222 million, RMB1,130 million, and RMB965 million (US$139.9 million) as of December 31, 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively[46] - Total assets as of December 31, 2022, were RMB3,020,870 thousand, with total liabilities of RMB1,779,367 thousand[58] - Total net assets/(liabilities) as of December 31, 2022, were RMB1,241,503 thousand[58] - Total assets as of December 31, 2021, were RMB971,432 thousand, with total liabilities of RMB945,683 thousand[60] - Total net assets/(liabilities) as of December 31, 2021, were RMB25,749 thousand[60] - Consolidated total assets for Shanghai Kunjia and its subsidiaries amounted to RMB 525,372 thousand, with cash and cash equivalents totaling RMB 117,320 thousand[61] - Net revenue for subsidiaries outside mainland China was RMB 44,100 thousand, contributing to a consolidated total net revenue of RMB 3,271,414 thousand[62] - Total operating cost and expenses for the year ended December 31, 2022, were RMB 2,089,395 thousand, resulting in a net income of RMB 1,180,232 thousand[62] - Net cash provided by operating activities for the consolidated total was RMB 133,592 thousand, while net cash used in investing activities was RMB 22,949 thousand[66] - Net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021, was RMB 1,780,490 thousand, with total operating cost and expenses of RMB 1,348,534 thousand[64] - Net income (loss) for the year ended December 31, 2021, was RMB 467,761 thousand, with equity in earnings of subsidiaries and VIEs amounting to RMB 479,220 thousand[64] - Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2020, was RMB (35,505) thousand, with net cash provided by investing activities of RMB 33,226 thousand[73] - Investments in subsidiaries and VIEs totaled RMB (1,003,436) thousand, with additional investments of RMB 254,283 thousand and RMB 64,808 thousand[74] - The company and the VIE Group achieved net income of RMB250.1 million, RMB467.8 million, and RMB1,180.2 million (US$171.1 million) in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively, with retained earnings turning positive to RMB384.9 million (US$55.8 million) as of December 31, 2022[183] - The company and the VIE Group experienced net cash inflows from operating activities of RMB133.6 million (US$19.4 million) in 2022, but future revenue and cash flow growth cannot be assured[184] - The company and the VIE Group's loan facilitation services are seasonal, with higher activity in the third and fourth quarters due to national holidays and consumer spending patterns[179] - The company and the VIE Group's revenue heavily depends on service fees from institutional funding partners, and any material decrease in these fees could significantly impact profitability and liquidity[184][193] - The company and the VIE Group's interim period results, including operating revenue and expenses, may fluctuate significantly, making period-on-period comparisons less meaningful[179] - The company and the VIE Group's fee rates may decline due to competition, macroeconomic factors, or changes in loan volume and quality, potentially impacting profitability[193] Overseas Operations and Risks - Jiayin Group provided loans of RMB36 million to overseas subsidiaries in Mexico and Indonesia in 2020, RMB51 million to subsidiaries in Indonesia and Nigeria in 2021, and RMB21 million (US$3.0 million) to subsidiaries in Nigeria in 2022[31] - Loans provided to overseas subsidiaries totaled RMB36 million in 2020, RMB51 million in 2021, and RMB21 million (US$3.0 million) in 2022[48] - The company operates in multiple countries, including Indonesia and Nigeria, and faces legal, reputational, and operational risks due to varying local laws and regulations[130][131] Dividend and Capital Restrictions - No dividends or distributions have been made to Jiayin Group by its subsidiaries or the consolidated VIE as of the date of the annual report[32] - Jiayin Finance paid a cash dividend of RMB400 million to its shareholders in March 2018 before entering into the Contractual Arrangements[32] - Jiayin Finance paid a cash dividend of RMB400 million to shareholders in March 2018[49] - The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies, which may restrict Jiayin Group's ability to pay dividends or satisfy foreign currency obligations[34] - PRC laws and regulations restrict Jiayin Group's PRC subsidiaries and the consolidated VIE from transferring net assets in the form of dividends, loans, or advances[35] - PRC subsidiaries and consolidated VIE must set aside at least 10% of after-tax profits annually for statutory reserve funds until reaching 50% of registered capital[52] Loan Origination and Credit Risk - The company and the VIE Group transitioned to a full institutional funding partner model, ceasing new loans for online individual investors since April 2020, with the outstanding loan balance of legacy P2P lending business reduced to zero by November 2020[122] - Total loan origination volume facilitated through the platform was RMB11.6 billion in 2020, RMB21.9 billion in 2021, and RMB55.5 billion (US$8.0 billion) in 2022[135] - The company and the VIE Group established their own financing guarantee companies in January 2022 to provide additional commitments to institutional funding partners, but the maximum outstanding guarantee liabilities cannot exceed ten times their net assets[116] - The company expanded its institutional funding partner base in 2020, collaborating exclusively with institutional funding partners since April 2020, including commercial banks, consumer finance companies, trusts, and microcredit companies[123][126] - The company's growth depends on maintaining and increasing the number of borrowers and loan volumes facilitated through its platform, with potential risks from insufficient institutional funding sources[134][135] - The company may face regulatory penalties if its institutional funding partners fail to comply with PRC laws and regulations, potentially impacting its business and financial condition[118][120] - The company's platform has a high proportion of repeat borrowers, with 72.8%, 62.3%, and 71.6% of total loan volume in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively, attributed to repeat borrowers[142] - The company's ability to maintain a high-quality user experience is critical, as any failure could lead to decreased repeat borrowing rates and negatively impact credit quality, transaction volume, and profitability[142] - The company and the VIE Group face increased risk of borrower default or delinquency if economic conditions deteriorate, potentially leading to lower returns or losses[156] - Loan origination volume on the platform decreased due to regulatory requirements to reduce individual investors, business volume, and borrowers, with a significant impact in 2020[158] - The company observed a slight increase in delinquency rates in Q1 2020 due to COVID-19, affecting borrower credit performance[163] - The company relies on a proprietary credit assessment model, but flaws or inaccuracies in the model could harm its reputation and market share[164] - The company's credit assessment model may fail to timely adjust borrower credit ratings if their creditworthiness deteriorates, impacting default rate estimates[166] - Fraudulent activity on the platform could negatively impact operating results, brand reputation, and loan facilitation volume[175] - The company's risk management system, including credit assessment and fraud detection, may not be adequate, potentially damaging its reputation and business[177] - The company does not restrict borrowers from using loans to pay off other debts, increasing the risk of non-payment[171] - Borrowers may incur additional debt, impairing their ability to repay loans and affecting funding partners' returns[172] - The company faces potential liabilities if it fails to detect fraudulent behavior, which could adversely affect its financial condition[170] - The company and the VIE Group's risk management system may have loopholes or defects, potentially leading to misjudgment of credit risk and adverse effects on business operations[178] Competition and Market Risks - The company and the VIE Group face significant competition in the online consumer finance market, including from other platforms, traditional financial institutions, and new entrants, which may impact market share and profitability[185][186][187] - The company and the VIE Group's ability to attract and retain funding partners and borrowers is critical to growth, but marketing and branding efforts may not immediately result in increased revenues[190][191] - The company and the VIE Group operate in a market with an underdeveloped credit infrastructure, which may limit access to comprehensive credit information[192] Operational and Cybersecurity Risks - The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to the company's operations, including quarantine measures affecting employees and business partners, potentially leading to material adverse effects on financial performance[198] - The company's headquarters and key operations are concentrated in Shanghai, making it vulnerable to disruptions from natural disasters or health epidemics in the region[199] - Employee misconduct or errors, particularly in handling personal information and transactions, could lead to reputational damage and regulatory penalties[201][203] - The company faces risks from cyber-attacks, data breaches, and unauthorized access to sensitive information, which could result in financial losses and reputational harm[204][205] - Third-party service providers, including payment processors and cloud service providers, pose indirect cybersecurity risks that could impact the company's operations[206] Interest Rate and Fee Regulations - PRC regulations cap loan interest rates at 36% per annum, with rates between 24% and 36% being valid but unenforceable in court[148] - The Supreme People's Court and the National Development and Reform Commission have set limits on interest and fees, with claims exceeding the upper limit not supported by courts[149] Reputation and Public Perception - Negative publicity about the online consumer finance industry or the company's partners could harm the company's reputation and business operations[143][144][145][147]
Jiayin Group(JFIN) - 2022 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2023-03-29 16:33
Jiayin Group Inc. (NASDAQ:JFIN) Q4 2022 Earnings Conference Call March 29, 2023 8:00 AM ET Company Participants Shawn Zhang - Investor Relations Yan Dinggui - Chief Executive Officer Fan Chunlin - Chief Financial Officer Xu Yifang - Chief Risk Officer Conference Call Participants Sam Lee - Private Investor Operator Good day, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for standing by, and welcome to the Jiayin Group’s Fourth Quarter 2022 Earnings Conference Call. [Operator Instructions] As a reminder, we are recording ...
Jiayin Group(JFIN) - 2023 Q1 - Quarterly Report
2023-03-28 16:00
Financial Performance - Fourth quarter total loan origination volume grew 249.2% to RMB18.9 billion (US$2.7 billion) year-over-year[1] - Fourth quarter net income increased 335.7% to RMB533.7 million (US$77.4 million) compared to RMB122.5 million in the same period of 2021[2] - Full year revenue rose 83.7% to RMB3,271.4 million (US$474.3 million) from RMB1,780.5 million in 2021[4] - Full year net income grew 152.3% to RMB1,180.2 million (US$171.1 million) compared to RMB467.8 million in 2021[12] - Average borrowing amount per borrowing increased 51.0% to RMB10,884 (US$1,578) in Q4 2022[2] - Revenue from loan facilitation services in Q4 2022 was RMB899.7 million (US$130.4 million), up 149.2% year-over-year[6] - Other revenue in Q4 2022 reached RMB154.7 million (US$22.4 million), a significant increase from RMB7.1 million in Q4 2021[6] - Net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, was RMB 3,271,414, up from RMB 1,780,490 in 2021, indicating an increase of 83.6%[28] - Net income attributable to Jiayin Group Inc. rose to RMB 532,937 for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to RMB 123,680 in 2021, reflecting a growth of 331%[28] Assets and Liabilities - Total assets increased from RMB 971,432 in 2021 to RMB 3,020,870 in 2022, representing a growth of 211%[26] - Total liabilities grew from RMB 945,683 in 2021 to RMB 1,779,367 in 2022, an increase of 88%[26] - Cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2022, were RMB291.0 million (US$42.2 million), up from RMB217.5 million as of September 30, 2022[9] - Cash and cash equivalents increased significantly from RMB 182,551 in 2021 to RMB 291,018 in 2022, a rise of 59.5%[26] - Accounts receivable and contract assets surged from RMB 502,431 in 2021 to RMB 1,732,218 in 2022, marking an increase of 244%[26] Shareholder Information - The total shareholders' equity as of December 31, 2022, was approximately US$1.24 billion, a significant increase from US$25.75 million in 2021[25] - The Company had repurchased approximately 1.5 million American depositary shares for about US$3.5 million under its share repurchase plan[18] - The Board approved a dividend policy to distribute cash dividends twice each fiscal year, starting from 2023, at a minimum of 15% of the previous fiscal year's net income after tax[17] Research and Development - Research and development expense for the full year 2022 was RMB216.7 million (US$31.4 million), reflecting a 50.8% increase from 2021[11] - Research and development expenses increased from RMB 46,586 in 2021 to RMB 64,442 in 2022, a rise of 38%[28] Market Outlook and Compliance - The Company expects its loan facilitation volume for the full year of 2023 to be around RMB70 billion, with an estimated RMB19 billion for Q1 2023[16] - The Company anticipates that market and operational conditions may affect its forecasts, indicating potential volatility in performance[16] - The Company emphasizes the importance of maintaining compliance with Nasdaq listing criteria to ensure continued trading of its ADSs[22] Risk Management - The Company operates a highly secure platform with a comprehensive risk management system and a proprietary risk assessment model utilizing advanced big data analytics[20] - The Company is committed to facilitating connections between underserved individual borrowers and financial institutions in China[20] Other Income - Deferred guarantee income was reported at RMB 276,518 as of December 31, 2022, indicating a new revenue stream for the company[26] - The company recorded other income of RMB 36,325 for the three months ended December 31, 2022, compared to RMB 1,425 in the same period of 2021[28] Borrowing Metrics - The repeat borrowing rate was 67.2% in Q4 2022, slightly up from 66.9% in the same period of 2021[2] - The company reported a net income per share of RMB 2.49 for the three months ended December 31, 2022, compared to RMB 0.57 for the same period in 2021[28]
Jiayin Group(JFIN) - 2022 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2022-11-23 14:22
Jiayin Group Inc. (NASDAQ:JFIN) Q3 2022 Results Conference Call November 23, 2022 8:00 AM ET Company Participants Shawn Zhang - Investor Relations Yan Dinggui - Chief Executive Officer Fan Chun Lin - Chief Financial Officer Xu Yifang - Chief Risk Officer Conference Call Participants Operator Good day, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for standing by and welcome to the Jiayin Group's Third Quarter 2022 Earnings Conference Call. Currently, all participants are in listen-only mode. Later, we will conduct a ques ...
Jiayin Group(JFIN) - 2022 Q2 - Earnings Call Transcript
2022-08-18 13:07
Jiayin Group Inc. (NASDAQ:JFIN) Q2 2022 Earnings Conference Call August 18, 2022 8:00 AM ET Company Participants Shawn Zhang - Investor Relations Yan Dinggui - Chief Executive Officer Fan Chun Lin - Chief Financial Officer Conference Call Participants Operator Good day, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for standing by. And welcome to the Jiayin Group's Second Quarter 2022 Earnings Conference Call. Currently, all participants are in a listen-only mode. Later, we will conduct a question-and-answer session and ...
Jiayin Group(JFIN) - 2022 Q1 - Earnings Call Transcript
2022-06-08 14:42
Jiayin Group Inc. (NASDAQ:JFIN) Q1 2022 Results Earnings Conference Call June 8, 2022 8:00 AM ET Company Participants Shawn Zhang - Investor Relations Dinggui Yan - Chief Executive Officer Chun Lin Fan - Chief Financial Officer Xu Yifang - Chief Risk Officer Conference Call Participants Andrew Scott - ROTH Capital Partners Operator Good day, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for standing by. And welcome to the Jiayin Group's First Quarter 2022 Earnings Conference Call. Currently, all participants are in a lis ...
Jiayin Group(JFIN) - 2021 Q4 - Earnings Call Transcript
2022-03-31 15:13
Jiayin Group Inc. (NASDAQ:JFIN) Q4 2021 Results Earnings Conference Call March 31, 2022 8:00 AM ET Company Participants Shawn Zhang - Investor Relations Dinggui Yan - Chief Executive Officer Jin Chen - Co-Chief Financial Officer Xu Yifang - Chief Risk Officer Conference Call Participants Andrew Scott - ROTH Capital Operator Good day, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for standing by. And welcome to the Jiayin Group's Fourth Quarter 2021 Earnings Conference Call. Currently all participants are in a listen-only ...
Jiayin Group(JFIN) - 2021 Q3 - Earnings Call Transcript
2021-11-24 14:32
Financial Data and Key Metrics Changes - The total loan origination volume reached 6.7 billion RMB, representing a year-over-year increase of 100.2% and a sequential increase of 17.7% [10] - Net income was 124.8 million RMB, a 41.2% increase compared to 88.4 million RMB in the same period last year [10] - Net revenue was 577.1 million RMB, up 43.8% year-over-year, driven by significant growth in loan origination volumes [11] - Total operating costs and expenses increased by 68.4% year-over-year, reaching 423.2 million RMB, with operating costs as a percentage of revenue at 73.3% compared to 62.6% in the same period last year [12] Business Line Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company resumed its marketing program, focusing on acquiring higher credit quality customers, resulting in a repeat borrowing rate of 69.1% for the quarter [6][7] - Other revenue decreased to 40.3 million RMB, down 47.7%, primarily due to reduced revenue from P2P related services [11] Market Data and Key Metrics Changes - The company has expanded its funding partners to 36, with an additional 42 institutions in discussion, indicating a strong growth trajectory in the consumer market [5][6] - The company is focusing on small business owners, which are seen as a backbone of economic development, and is gradually rolling out loan programs for this segment [6] Company Strategy and Development Direction - The company aims to diversify its funding resources and broaden collaborations with institutional partners to capture opportunities in the growing consumer market [5] - There is a strong emphasis on corporate social responsibility (CSR), with initiatives aimed at improving educational environments for children in need [8] Management's Comments on Operating Environment and Future Outlook - Management expressed confidence in maintaining top-line growth and capturing opportunities in the consumer market despite a cautious approach to new offerings [5][6] - The company has adjusted its full-year 2021 loan origination volume guidance to between 20 billion RMB to 23 billion RMB, representing a year-over-year growth of 72% to 98% [16] Other Important Information - The company ended the quarter with 178.5 million RMB in cash and cash equivalents, compared to 141.4 million RMB as of June 30, 2021, providing greater flexibility for long-term growth initiatives [15] Q&A Session Summary Question: Can you discuss the success seen in the new online advertising? - Management noted a 36% increase in sales and marketing expenses, with half attributed to marketing fees and the other half driven by new marketing initiatives, leading to improved cost efficiency for acquiring new borrowers [18][19] Question: Can you provide details on the new products for small businesses? - The focus is on micro to small businesses, with loan sizes expected to be 20% to 30% higher than current offerings, utilizing online acquisition channels for customer evaluation [21][22] Question: What updates are there on international expansion? - The company is making solid progress in international markets, particularly in Mexico and Nigeria, while still working on solidifying its position in Indonesia [26] Question: What is the outlook for credit costs and customer credit quality? - The drop in credit costs is attributed to improved credit quality, with most uncollectible allowances related to previous business models now being phased out [30][31] Question: How is the integration of Bweenet progressing? - Due to regulatory challenges in China, operations in this segment have been halted, but the company is exploring opportunities overseas and monitoring regulatory changes [33]