甘怀真：天下是神域，不是全世界

Academic Context and Research Approach - The author supplements the historical methodology of the "Historical Materialism School" by emphasizing the importance of utilizing existing historical materials to construct new theories, even in the absence of new archaeological findings [4] - The author reflects on the question of why China exists and maintains a vast territory, influenced by the recent discourse on "China's resurgence" [5] - The author acknowledges the impact of the study of ancient Chinese autocratic regimes from a socio-economic perspective, while also recognizing the significance of analyzing historical perspectives on the concept of "state" [5][6] Key Concepts in the Book - The author argues that the early concept of "Tian" (heaven) and "Tianxia" (under heaven) differs significantly from later Confucian interpretations, suggesting a more religiously colored understanding in early contexts [8] - The author critiques mainstream historical interpretations that overlook the religious dimensions of ancient Chinese culture, emphasizing the need to recognize the state's engagement with religion through rituals like the "sacrificial rites" [7][9] - The book reinterprets key historical texts to clarify the evolution of the concept of "Tian" from the Shang to the Zhou dynasty, highlighting the transition from ancestor worship to a more universal deity [9][10] Evolution of State Religion - The author discusses the multi-faceted development of religious beliefs during the Warring States period, suggesting that the emergence of polytheistic practices was influenced by Hellenistic theology [11] - The author posits that the Qin dynasty's adoption of the title "Emperor" reflects a direct manifestation of state religion, contrasting it with the unchanging nature of the Zhou's supreme deity [11] - The author concludes that the formation of state sacrificial rites during the Han dynasty marks a significant point in the evolution of ancient Chinese religious thought, which continued to adapt in response to changing political landscapes [12] Dialogue and Discussion - The discussions following the presentations highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of the concept of "Tian" and its relationship with religion, emphasizing the historical context in which these ideas developed [13] - The dialogue also explores the impact of cultural exchanges on the evolution of ancient Chinese civilization, suggesting that cultural changes are often influenced by external factors [14] - The discussions further address specific issues raised in the book, including the monopolization of religious practices by political authorities and its implications for the understanding of state religion [15]