通往国际舞台之路：清政府与万国公会的交往

Core Viewpoint - The recent publication of the second volume of "Modern Sino-Foreign Negotiation Historical Materials" by Fudan University highlights the importance of understanding the historical interactions between the Qing government and international conferences, particularly the International Congresses, as a means for China to engage with the global stage [1][3]. Group 1: Historical Context - The Qing government's interactions with the International Congresses during the late Qing period are crucial for understanding China's entry into the international arena, yet scholarly attention has been limited due to perceived insignificance compared to the Republican era [3][6]. - The publication aims to bridge the gap in historical documentation and analysis, providing insights into the complexities of China's diplomatic history [1][3]. Group 2: Development of International Congresses - The rise of international congresses in the 19th century was facilitated by technological advancements from the Industrial Revolution, which allowed for easier communication and travel [11]. - The establishment of permanent diplomatic missions in Western countries also contributed to more stable international relations, enabling participation in these congresses [11]. Group 3: Qing Government's Participation - The Qing government initially approached participation in international congresses with caution, often viewing them as potential threats to sovereignty and internal affairs [24][25]. - Despite this, there was a gradual increase in participation, with the Qing government attending various congresses related to public health, postal services, and trade regulations [29][30]. Group 4: Key International Congresses - The "International Prison Congress," "International Customs Tariff Bureau," "International Railway Congress," "International Navigation Congress," "Universal Postal Congress," and "International Telecommunication Union" are highlighted as significant organizations that the Qing government engaged with [15][16][17][18]. - Each of these congresses played a role in shaping international standards and practices that the Qing government sought to align with, reflecting a shift towards more proactive engagement in international affairs [29][30]. Group 5: Impact on Domestic Reforms - Participation in international congresses began to intertwine with domestic reforms, as the Qing government recognized the importance of adopting international standards to improve its governance and international standing [30]. - The involvement in these congresses was seen as a way to modernize and reform various sectors within China, including agriculture, education, and public health [30].