从武夷山到恰克图：万里茶道上的商业智慧｜香与茶

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the historical significance of the tea trade between China and Russia during the Qing Dynasty, highlighting the role of the Shanxi merchant Chang Wandai and his family's contributions to the tea trade, particularly through the Chaka trade route [1][3][6]. Group 1: Historical Context - The Qing Dynasty saw a flourishing tea culture, with tea becoming a popular commodity both domestically and for export, particularly to Europe and Russia [6][9]. - The tea trade was significantly boosted by the signing of treaties such as the Treaty of Nerchinsk and the Treaty of Chaka, which established trade routes and facilitated commerce between China and Russia [10][15]. Group 2: Chang Wandai's Contributions - Chang Wandai, a prominent Shanxi merchant, played a crucial role in the tea trade, leading his family's business to dominate the market, with their annual tea trade volume accounting for about 40% of the total tea exported to Russia [6][18]. - Under Chang Wandai's leadership, the family's business transformed from fabric trading to tea trading, capitalizing on the growing demand for Chinese tea in Russia [15][18]. Group 3: Trade Dynamics - The trade volume between China and Russia increased dramatically during the Qing Dynasty, with trade amounts rising from over 10,000 rubles in the early years to over 1.24 million rubles by the 21st year of the Daoguang reign [7]. - The Chaka market became a vital hub for tea trade, with the annual export of tea reaching 175,000 boxes by 1852, valued at approximately 15 million dollars [39][42]. Group 4: Logistics and Operations - The Chang family established a robust logistics network, utilizing camel caravans for transportation, which allowed them to efficiently move tea across vast distances, including a route of approximately 14,000 kilometers from Wuyi Mountain to St. Petersburg [32][44]. - The family implemented quality control measures to ensure that the tea maintained its quality during transport, which helped them build a strong reputation in the Russian market [26][34].