技术落地终极命题：谁来保证基因编辑的食品安全？｜解码基因编辑⑤

Core Viewpoint - The application of gene editing technology in agriculture is accelerating in China, with significant advancements in safety certifications and research outcomes, while also raising concerns about potential risks and societal acceptance [7][9][24]. Group 1: Gene Editing Developments - In April 2023, China issued its first biological safety certificate for agricultural gene-edited organisms, specifically for a high oleic acid soybean [8]. - By May 2024, the first safety certificate for a staple crop using gene editing is expected to be approved [9]. - Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in gene editing research for aquaculture, achieving important results across more than ten species [14]. Group 2: Benefits of Gene Editing - Gene editing technology can enhance the production performance and disease resistance of animals, as well as improve meat quality, showcasing immense potential in breeding [30]. - The combination of gene editing and selective breeding can significantly increase growth rates and feed conversion efficiency in agriculture [32]. - In aquaculture, gene editing allows for precise modifications of specific genes, addressing challenges such as low efficiency and limited breakthroughs in traditional breeding methods [34]. Group 3: Risks and Concerns - The scientific community is concerned about off-target effects, unpredictable genomic changes, and intergenerational inheritance issues related to gene editing [15][16]. - Specific risks in aquaculture include ecological escape and gene diffusion, which could impact wild populations and ecological balance [17][92]. - Potential risks from gene editing include the insertion of foreign DNA, new protein toxicity, and off-target mutations, which have not been fully assessed for safety [79][90]. Group 4: Safety Measures and Future Outlook - Scientists are exploring multi-layered control measures to balance technological benefits with safety, including rigorous screening and verification processes [102]. - The concept of "controlled sterility" is gaining traction, where gene-edited fish are rendered sterile to prevent environmental impact [114]. - Recent studies have shown that gene-edited fish do not exhibit significant differences in health compared to non-edited counterparts, providing a scientific basis for their application in aquaculture [130].