历程之考： 如今的农信体系是如何一步步形成的？

Core Insights - The article discusses the evolution and reform of rural financial institutions in China, particularly focusing on the rural credit cooperatives and their transformation over the decades [1][16]. Group 1: Historical Development - As of the end of 2024, there are 4,295 financial institutions in China's banking sector, with rural commercial banks making up 1,563, rural cooperative banks 23, and rural credit cooperatives 458, collectively accounting for 47.59% of the total [1]. - The number of rural credit cooperatives has decreased from over 100,000 at the founding of New China to just over 4,000 today, reflecting significant structural changes in the financial landscape [1]. - The history of rural credit cooperatives in China dates back to 1923, with significant developments occurring from the 1950s onward, including the establishment of the first credit cooperatives and the formalization of their structure [1][2]. Group 2: Reform Phases - The period from 2000 to 2018 saw a coordinated reform of the ownership structure, organizational form, and management system of rural credit cooperatives, initiated with pilot programs in Jiangsu [8][12]. - By 2018, the number of rural commercial banks had risen to 1,427, representing 63% of rural financial institutions, while the number of rural cooperative banks and credit cooperatives had decreased to 30 and 812, respectively [12]. - The reforms aimed to clarify ownership relationships and improve governance structures, with a focus on maintaining the cooperative nature of these financial institutions [9][10]. Group 3: Current Challenges and Focus - Since 2018, the focus has shifted to the reform of provincial-level rural credit cooperatives, with discussions around governance structures and the relationship between provincial and local institutions [16][17]. - The recent reforms have highlighted issues such as shareholder qualifications and compliance, with regulatory bodies conducting investigations into ownership structures and governance practices [16][17]. - The ongoing reforms are characterized by a "one province, one policy" approach, with various provinces exploring adjustments to ownership structures and capital supplementation for rural financial institutions [17].