诺贝尔生理学或医学奖出炉！十年内第三位日本科学家获奖，免疫领域“梅开二度”

Group 1 - The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Japanese scientist Shimon Sakaguchi and two American scientists, Mary Brunkow and Fred Ramsdell, for their discoveries in peripheral immune tolerance [1][2] - Shimon Sakaguchi is the third Japanese scientist to receive this award in the last decade, following Yoshinori Ohsumi in 2016 and Tasuku Honjo in 2018, with both previous awards also related to immune regulation [1] - The research of the awardees reveals key mechanisms by which the immune system avoids attacking its own tissues, opening new directions for treatments of autoimmune diseases, cancer, and organ transplantation [2][3] Group 2 - The findings of the awardees establish a foundation for new research areas and promote the development of new therapies targeting cancer and autoimmune diseases [2] - Sakaguchi's research identified a previously unrecognized subset of T cells, challenging the traditional understanding that immune tolerance is achieved solely through the elimination of abnormal T cells in the thymus [3] - The role of regulatory T cells as "peacekeepers" in the immune system is emphasized, as they suppress abnormal immune responses to maintain self-tolerance and prevent autoimmune diseases [3][4] Group 3 - Despite the significant findings, the clinical application of these discoveries is still a long way off, with challenges in translating the research into effective therapies for autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation [4][5] - The complexity of human diseases, involving interactions between genes and the environment, complicates the clinical application of therapies based on regulatory T cells [5] - Current research is underway to induce immune tolerance and address rejection reactions in organ transplantation, but the path to successful clinical application remains challenging [4][5]