回望“十四五” | “加减乘除”中的发展密码——从“四则运算”解析“十四五”中国经济

Economic Growth and Achievements - During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, China's economy has achieved significant milestones, with a total economic output approaching 140 trillion yuan and an average annual growth rate of 5.5%, contributing over 30% to global economic growth [1][5][4] - The total increase in China's economy over five years is expected to exceed 35 trillion yuan, equivalent to recreating the economic output of the Yangtze River Delta region [4][5] Investment and R&D - In 2024, the total R&D expenditure is projected to increase by nearly 50% compared to the end of the "13th Five-Year Plan," with high-tech manufacturing value added expected to grow by 42% [1][15] - The number of enterprises benefiting from R&D expense deductions reached 615,000, with a total deduction amounting to 3.32 trillion yuan in 2024, reflecting a 25.5% increase from 2021 [11] Tax Reduction and Business Environment - The cumulative tax and fee reductions during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period are expected to reach 10.5 trillion yuan, with over 70% of the benefits going to the private sector [10][12] - The market access negative list has been reduced from 123 items in 2020 to 106 items in 2025, facilitating foreign investment in the manufacturing sector [12] Infrastructure Development - The recently opened Guizhou Huajiang Gorge Bridge significantly reduces travel time between two banks from over two hours to about two minutes, showcasing China's engineering capabilities [3] - The establishment of the Hubei Ezhou Huahu International Airport has opened 45 international cargo routes, contributing to a 6.1 percentage point increase in Hubei's foreign trade growth [19] Innovation and Green Development - The proportion of the "new economy" continues to rise, with innovation driving the development of new productive forces and modern industrial systems [6][15] - During the "14th Five-Year Plan," energy consumption per unit of GDP has decreased by 11.6%, and renewable energy generation capacity has increased to around 60% [17] Market Dynamics and Reforms - Structural reforms have been implemented to reduce burdens and barriers, enhancing market vitality and competitiveness [9][12] - The active inter-provincial trade ratio reached 40.4% in early 2025, indicating improved market integration [19]