“古国时代”的考古学探索：从崧泽遗址说起

Core Insights - The article discusses the archaeological significance of the Songze site, emphasizing its role as a key cultural origin in Shanghai, although it is not the earliest culture in the region [1][2][3] Group 1: Discovery and Excavation - The Songze site is located in Qingpu District, Shanghai, and was discovered in 1957 during an archaeological survey [2] - Initial excavations revealed a rich Neolithic cultural layer, with significant findings occurring in subsequent years, including the discovery of a male skull and house foundations from the late Majiabang culture [4][5][6] Group 2: Cultural Characteristics - The Songze culture, named after the Songze site, is an important development phase in the Neolithic culture of the Taihu Basin, bridging the Majiabang and Liangzhu cultures [8] - The culture is characterized by advanced agricultural practices, including the invention of stone plows, and a variety of pottery styles, indicating a shift from hunting to agriculture as the primary livelihood [8][10] Group 3: Social Structure and Burial Practices - The Songze site features a clan cemetery with 136 tombs, indicating a complex social structure with evidence of wealth and status differentiation [7][15] - High-status burials included elaborate grave goods, such as jade artifacts and pottery, suggesting the emergence of social hierarchies and possibly early forms of governance [13][18] Group 4: Cultural Transition and Influence - The Songze culture is seen as a precursor to the Liangzhu culture, with significant archaeological findings indicating a transition towards more complex societal structures [14][20] - The discovery of ritual sites and high-status burials suggests that the Songze culture played a crucial role in the development of early civilization in the Yangtze River Delta region [17][19]