良渚何以成为五千年前的“理想国”？

Core Viewpoint - Liangzhu civilization is an outstanding representative of the coordinated development of material and spiritual civilization, with its development experience and values still holding significant relevance for contemporary society [1]. Group 1: Historical Significance - The Liangzhu site, meaning "beautiful island in the water," was first discovered in 1936 and was inscribed on the World Heritage List on July 6, 2019 [2]. - Continuous discoveries of important relics, including the core area of Liangzhu Ancient City and surrounding water conservancy systems, are gradually opening a door to the society of over 5,000 years ago [2]. Group 2: Agricultural Development - The climate in the lower Yangtze River region over 5,000 years ago was warm and humid, attracting many early settlers who brought diverse techniques and experiences, leading to the creation of early rice agriculture [3]. - Liangzhu's rice paddy fields have been found to have a yield of up to 141 kilograms per mu, indicating a highly developed level of productivity [7]. Group 3: Urban Planning and Infrastructure - The ancient city was strategically located at the junction of mountains and plains, allowing for flood avoidance and effective water management through a sophisticated water conservancy system [5]. - Over 30 water dam sites have been discovered, showcasing a system that served multiple functions, including flood control, irrigation, and transportation [5]. Group 4: Material Civilization - Archaeological findings indicate a highly developed material civilization, with large-scale ancient rice fields that closely resemble modern layouts [6]. - The presence of large storage pits containing carbonized rice, with estimates of up to 360,000 pounds, reflects a well-organized grain reserve system [7]. Group 5: Craftsmanship and Social Structure - Liangzhu civilization featured a complete handicraft system, with artifacts made from wood, bone, horn, and stone, demonstrating advanced craftsmanship and social division of labor [9]. - The production of jade artifacts and lacquerware represents significant achievements in both material and spiritual civilization, becoming important symbols of Chinese culture [11]. Group 6: Spiritual Civilization - The integration of diverse settlers over centuries led to a shared value system, exemplified by the widespread acceptance of the "human-animal face pattern," reflecting a systematic understanding of the relationship between heaven, earth, and humanity [11]. - The coordinated development of material and spiritual civilization in Liangzhu, along with the philosophy of harmony between humans and nature, continues to inspire contemporary society [11].