向昊天：从经济学视角拆解养老体系痛点，筑牢银发经济根基

Core Insights - The current pension system in China faces dual challenges of "getting old before getting rich" and "being unprepared for aging" as the country enters a longevity era [1][2] - The core issue of the pension problem is identified as "where the money comes from," highlighting the low participation rate and high account vacancy in the third pillar of the pension system [1] Summary by Categories Pension System Structure - China has established a three-pillar pension system consisting of basic pension insurance (first pillar), enterprise annuities/professional annuities (second pillar), and personal pensions (third pillar) [1] - The low participation rate and high account vacancy in the third pillar are significant issues that need to be addressed [1] Financial Risks for the Elderly - The two major financial risks faced by the elderly are medical expenses and disability care [2] - Although pilot programs for long-term care insurance (LTCI) have been initiated in some cities, overall coverage and utilization rates remain low [2] Policy Recommendations - It is suggested to explore allowing individuals to access part of their personal pension early under strict regulation, which could enhance the system's attractiveness [1] - There is a call for accelerating the nationwide coordination of LTCI and improving the integration of basic medical insurance with commercial health insurance and LTCI [2] - The development of the pension industry should seek a balance between "high-end" services and "universal accessibility," ensuring that middle and low-income groups can achieve sustainable pension payment capabilities [2] - Policy design must consider both efficiency and equity, particularly focusing on the needs of rural and vulnerable populations [2]