我国虚拟电厂发展模式探讨

Core Insights - The article emphasizes the importance of virtual power plants (VPPs) as a key tool in building a new power system, highlighting their ability to aggregate distributed resources and provide flexible capacity to address the volatility of renewable energy sources [1][8] - The development of VPPs is transitioning from pilot projects to scalable, productized solutions, with clear legal status and market participation mechanisms established by national policies [2][3] - VPPs are seen as complementary to traditional power plants, enhancing grid flexibility and reliability rather than replacing conventional energy sources [4][8] Group 1: Policy and Development - The National Development and Reform Commission and the National Energy Administration have set targets for VPP capacity, aiming for 20 million kW by 2027 and 50 million kW by 2030 [1] - Recent policy breakthroughs have established VPPs as independent market entities, enabling them to participate in electricity market transactions with defined technical requirements [2] - Local governments are actively promoting the construction of city-level VPP platforms, integrating them into extreme weather power supply systems for real-time grid coordination [2] Group 2: Market Dynamics - The international development of VPPs follows three main models: the European model focusing on flexibility markets, the Australian model emphasizing home storage, and the North American model centered on commercial load aggregation [3] - In China, VPP development is characterized by user-side aggregation, park energy management, and integrated source-grid-load-storage systems, with a focus on optimizing local energy use and market benefits [3] Group 3: Economic Viability - VPPs must achieve economic sustainability by optimizing their internal systems and converting adjustable capacity into marketable services, balancing user economics with system value [5][6] - The revenue model for VPPs is evolving from reliance on subsidies to a diversified structure that includes self-use savings and market-based settlements, enhancing cash flow stability [2] Group 4: Technical and Operational Considerations - VPPs leverage distributed resources to provide rapid, flexible responses to grid demands, particularly during peak loads or extreme weather events, thus supporting grid stability [4] - The development of VPPs faces challenges such as high initial investment, complex technology integration, and the need for robust contractual and credit mechanisms to ensure performance reliability [4] Group 5: Market and Contract Design - Recommendations for improving VPP market design include differentiating pricing based on sustainable duration and incorporating non-energy attributes into procurement lists to enhance service reliability [7] - Pilot programs for urban-level VPPs could explore "availability contracts" to stabilize cash flows and align with public safety and resilience goals [7] Conclusion - VPPs represent a transformative approach to integrating fragmented energy resources into a cohesive system, providing enhanced flexibility and resilience for a high-renewable energy future [8]