‘Buy now, pay later’ is expanding fast, and that should worry everyone

Core Insights - The buy-now-pay-later (BNPL) market is experiencing significant growth, with 20% of consumers using BNPL loans in 2022, up from 17.6% in 2021, and the average number of loans per borrower increasing from 8.5 to 9.5 [1] - A concerning trend is emerging as 63% of BNPL borrowers have taken out multiple loans simultaneously, and 33% have loans from multiple lenders, indicating a lack of visibility into borrowers' total debt [2] - The borrower profile is alarming, with nearly two-thirds of BNPL users having lower credit scores, and 78% of subprime or deep subprime applicants being approved [8] Industry Trends - BNPL services have expanded to 91.5 million users in the U.S., with 25% using them for essential purchases like groceries, highlighting financial struggles among consumers [6][7] - Major financial institutions are increasingly adopting BNPL services, with PayPal processing $33 billion in BNPL spending in 2024, growing at 20% annually [23] - The BNPL market is becoming embedded in the financial infrastructure, with companies like Klarna and Affirm integrating their services into payment platforms like Apple Pay and Google Pay [22] Regulatory Environment - The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) has faced regulatory challenges, with the Biden administration initially seeking to regulate BNPL like credit cards, but the Trump administration reversed this stance [9][10] - New York has imposed licensing requirements on BNPL companies, but the lack of a cohesive regulatory framework allows companies to navigate around state regulations [13] Economic Implications - The current economic environment is precarious, with rising unemployment at 4.3% and the end of student loan forbearance potentially exacerbating financial stress among consumers [14][15] - The systemic risk of BNPL is not just limited to its own debt but extends to other consumer credit products, as borrowers may prioritize BNPL payments over larger debts [16] Future Outlook - The BNPL sector is moving into business-to-business lending, with the trade credit market representing a significant opportunity, potentially leading to increased debt accumulation [25][26] - The packaging and selling of BNPL debt, reminiscent of the subprime mortgage crisis, raises concerns about the transparency and risk exposure in the financial system [27][28] - The industry is at risk of creating two potential bubbles, with BNPL's impact on vulnerable populations being particularly concerning [29][30]