流感发病率最高，排毒时间更长，儿童如何使用抗病毒药物治疗

Core Insights - The prevalence of influenza among children aged 5 to 14 is significantly higher compared to other age groups, with an annual infection rate of approximately 20% to 30%, and in peak seasons, it can reach up to 50% [1][2] Group 1: Influenza Impact on Children - Children are identified as a high-risk group for influenza, with a higher likelihood of developing severe cases due to their immature immune systems [1][2] - Specific high-risk children include those under 5 years old, especially those under 2, premature infants, and those with underlying health conditions such as neurological, respiratory, cardiovascular diseases, and immunodeficiencies [1][2] Group 2: Complications and Transmission - Common complications from influenza in children include pneumonia, neurological issues (e.g., encephalitis), and musculoskeletal damage, with a high mortality rate for severe neurological complications [2] - Children can shed the virus for longer periods, with infants potentially shedding for 1 to 3 weeks, making them significant sources of transmission in families and communities [2] Group 3: Treatment and Guidelines - The National Health Commission's guidelines emphasize the need for timely detection and antiviral treatment for high-risk groups, including children under 5 and the elderly [3] - Antiviral medications used in pediatric care include Oseltamivir, Baloxavir, and Peramivir, with specific recommendations based on age and weight [3]