盛极而落：三星堆至今不为人所知的三部曲

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the historical significance and cultural evolution of the Sanxingdui site, highlighting its three distinct cultural phases: rise, peak, and decline, which reflect the complex social and technological developments in ancient China [1][17]. Group 1: Historical Phases - The Sanxingdui site experienced three cultural stages: the initial rise during the late Neolithic period, the peak during the Bronze Age, and the subsequent decline leading to the abandonment of the site [1][17]. - The peak phase lasted approximately 500 years, during which the Sanxingdui culture flourished with advanced bronze casting and significant ritual practices [11][14]. Group 2: Archaeological Findings - The site covers an area of about 12 square kilometers and includes various artifacts such as stone, pottery, jade, gold, and bronze, indicating a rich and stable lifestyle [3][19]. - Notable discoveries include large residential structures, intricate jade artifacts, and a variety of bronze items, which suggest a high level of craftsmanship and social organization [6][14]. Group 3: Cultural Significance - The Sanxingdui culture is characterized by unique artistic expressions, including large bronze masks and ritual objects, which reflect the spiritual and social dynamics of the time [1][14]. - The findings at Sanxingdui challenge previous notions of ancient Chinese civilization, indicating that it was a significant center of cultural development in the Sichuan basin [21]. Group 4: Technological and Social Development - The article notes the emergence of specialized labor and early forms of trade, as evidenced by the variety of artifacts and the presence of shell currency, indicating a developing economy [19][20]. - Water management techniques, possibly akin to the Dujiangyan irrigation system, are suggested to have played a crucial role in the urban planning and sustainability of the Sanxingdui civilization [20].