2025 诺贝尔物理学奖得主马蒂尼斯：中国在量子竞赛中仅落后美国“几纳秒”

Core Viewpoint - John Martinis, one of the Nobel Prize winners in Physics this year, warns that China's rapid advancement in quantum computing is significantly narrowing the technological gap with the United States [1][8]. Group 1: Competitive Landscape - The competition in quantum computing is intensifying among the US, Europe, and China, with Martinis stating that practical quantum computers are still 5 to 10 years away from realization [4][11]. - Quantum computing is considered a strategic technology that could surpass traditional computing capabilities, potentially enabling the decryption of military communications and attacks on critical infrastructure [4][11]. Group 2: Technological Progress - Martinis, who previously worked on quantum hardware development at Google, noted that when Google announced achieving "quantum supremacy" in 2019, it was believed that China was about three years behind [4][11]. - However, Martinis pointed out that China has rapidly caught up, with the current lead of the US being only a few nanoseconds [4][11]. - Chinese research teams have a clear grasp of technological trends, often producing results with similar capabilities within months of key advancements announced by the West [4][11]. Group 3: Quantum Computing Fundamentals - Quantum computers utilize quantum bits (qubits) that can exist in both 0 and 1 states simultaneously, leading to an exponential increase in information processing capabilities compared to traditional computers [7][11].