International Paper Company (IP): A Bear Case Theory

Core Thesis - The article presents a bearish outlook on International Paper Company, contrasting it with a bullish perspective that highlights new leadership and potential growth opportunities [1] Company Overview - International Paper Company produces and sells renewable fiber-based packaging and pulp products across North America, Latin America, Europe, and North Africa [2] - As of November 28th, IP's share price was $39.48, with trailing and forward P/E ratios of 38.15 and 17.95 respectively [1][2] Valuation Concerns - IP is trading at a historically high valuation, with a projected 2025E EBITDA multiple of 11.2x, nearly three times its historical average and 50% higher than Smurfit WestRock, despite weaker margins and higher leverage [2] Leadership and Strategy - The bullish thesis is anchored on new CEO Andy Silvernail, who has a strong operational track record and a refocused capital allocation strategy, along with perceived pricing power in a concentrated North American containerboard industry [3] Financial Projections - Silvernail's targets for 2027 include an EBITDA of $5.5–$6.0 billion and a near tripling of free cash flow, driven by synergies from the DS Smith acquisition and above-market volume growth [4] - However, these projections face significant economic and structural challenges, including stagnant U.S. corrugated box shipments and a decline in IP's market share from 35% in 2013 to 28% in 2024 [4] Acquisition Impact - The $10 billion DS Smith acquisition adds high leverage and complexity to IP, potentially constraining further M&A opportunities, with uncertain synergies due to competitive pressures [4] Cash Flow and Dividend Concerns - IP's free cash flow has averaged $0.7 billion annually over the past three years, while the company maintains a $1 billion dividend, necessitating borrowing in 2025 [5] - The aggressive 2027 targets depend on favorable pricing and unprecedented volume growth, which are inconsistent with long-term trends [5] Market Outlook - Realistic multiples and baseline earnings suggest IP shares could trade 40–50% lower, between $25–$30, while an upside to $60 reflects inflated expectations [6] - Market focus may shift from the narrative of the "Silvernail era" to concerns over dividend sustainability and operational realities, especially if economic conditions worsen or EBITDA underperforms [6] - Potential catalysts for market shifts include likely earnings disappointments in Q3–Q4 2025, leading to revisions for 2026 and skepticism towards 2027 guidance [6]