防控传染病病原菌耐药 做好这3件事很重要

Core Viewpoint - The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens is no longer limited to low-pathogenicity organisms, with an increasing number of high-pathogenicity infectious disease pathogens also exhibiting resistance, including high-resistance clones. Group 1: High-Risk Drug-Resistant Pathogens - Rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: China is a high-burden country for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, with an estimated 28,000 new cases of multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in 2024, ranking second after India [2] - Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae: This pathogen primarily spreads through droplets, with rising resistance rates to first-line treatments like azithromycin and clarithromycin, particularly among children and the elderly [3] - Ceftriaxone and azithromycin dual-resistant Shigella: First identified in Guangxi in 2015, this pathogen poses a potential threat to children's health due to its dual resistance [4] - Ceftriaxone and quinolone dual-resistant Salmonella: This pathogen, a major cause of infectious diarrhea, has seen rising resistance rates over the past decade, with high-resistance clones spreading through the food chain [5] - Cephalosporin and quinolone dual-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae: If widely spread, this dual-resistant strain could make gonorrhea difficult to treat [6] Group 2: Transmission Routes - Waterborne transmission: Pathogens like Shigella and Salmonella can enter rivers, soil, farmland, and aquatic products through contaminated wastewater [7] - Droplet transmission: Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycoplasma pneumoniae spread in enclosed spaces like classrooms and subways through airborne droplets [8] - Foodborne transmission: Salmonella is commonly found in undercooked eggs and poultry, posing an infection risk when consumed [9] - Contact transmission: Neisseria gonorrhoeae spreads through direct sexual contact, highlighting the importance of protective measures [10] Group 3: Key Prevention Strategies - Rational use of antibiotics: Antibiotics should be used only with a prescription, at adequate doses, and for the full course of treatment [10] - Good hygiene practices: Regular handwashing, ventilation, and wearing masks in crowded public places can reduce infection risks [11] - Active vaccination: Vaccination is an effective means of preventing infectious diseases, which can help control the development of resistance by reducing infections [12]