《2025年有效碳率：能源使用税与碳定价的最新趋势》：全球碳定价日趋灵活以平衡不同的政策目标

Core Insights - The OECD report titled "Effective Carbon Rates 2025: Recent Trends in Taxes on Energy Use and Carbon Pricing" highlights the expansion and diversification of carbon pricing mechanisms across countries and industries from 2018 to 2023, aiming to balance emission reductions, public revenue, energy affordability, energy security, and competitiveness [1][2]. Group 1: Effective Carbon Rates (ECR) - Since 2018, Effective Carbon Rates (ECR) have been on the rise [1]. - In 2023, approximately 16% of greenhouse gas emissions were subject to an ECR exceeding €30 per ton of CO₂ equivalent, and about 11% exceeded €60 per ton [2][6]. Group 2: Global Expansion of Carbon Pricing - As of 2023, over 50 countries have implemented carbon pricing tools, with ongoing expansions in Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean [2][7]. - The coverage of carbon pricing is deepening in established sectors like industry and electricity while expanding into new sectors such as international shipping and agriculture [7]. Group 3: Emission Trading Systems (ETS) - The share of emissions covered by Emission Trading Systems (ETS) has more than doubled from 10% to 22% between 2018 and 2023, while carbon tax coverage has remained stable at around 5% [3][7]. - In 2023, carbon taxes primarily covered emissions from the building and transportation sectors, accounting for 11% and 13% of their CO₂ emissions, respectively, while ETS covered 58.5% of emissions from the electricity sector and 15% from industry [3][7]. Group 4: Design of ETS - ETS designs are increasingly considering production fluctuations, shifting from fixed cap-and-trade systems to intensity-based systems that set reduction targets based on carbon intensity without fixed total limits [8]. - In 2018, only 2 out of 20 ETS were intensity-based; by 2023, this number increased to 12 out of 34, with intensity-based ETS covering approximately 70% of the emissions under ETS [8].