碳定价“平衡术”

Core Insights - Carbon pricing is becoming an essential tool for economic transformation, generating significant fiscal revenue while pushing for emissions reduction [1][2] - The global carbon pricing revenue reached a record $104 billion in 2023, highlighting its role in funding energy transition and technological innovation [2] - The balance between short-term fiscal gains and long-term sustainability remains a challenge for governments implementing carbon pricing [2][4] Group 1: Developed Countries' Approach - Developed countries have successfully implemented diverse carbon pricing strategies, achieving a balance between environmental benefits, fiscal revenue, and economic growth [4][5] - The EU's carbon trading system is the most mature globally, with prices fluctuating around €80 per ton, effectively addressing externality issues and promoting continuous emissions reduction [4][5] - Germany's model of integrating carbon pricing revenue into a climate fund supports strategic areas like energy efficiency and renewable energy development [5] Group 2: Challenges for Developing Countries - Developing countries face greater challenges in balancing economic growth and emissions reduction, with carbon pricing potentially increasing production and living costs [6][7] - Carbon pricing can provide new fiscal growth points, helping to diversify energy structures and reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels [7] - However, the lack of technology and funding for emissions reduction in developing countries may lead to business closures and economic instability [7] Group 3: China's Carbon Market Development - China's carbon market, launched in 2021, is the largest globally, covering approximately 8 billion tons of CO2 emissions across key industries [8] - Current challenges include insufficient price signals and a high proportion of free allowances, which hinder market development [8] - Local governments face fiscal imbalances, with a significant portion of environmental spending reliant on local funding, complicating climate project implementation [8] Group 4: Recommendations for Balancing Carbon Pricing - Experts suggest establishing a national green transition fund to absorb 60-70% of carbon pricing revenue, focusing on long-term investments in green technology and just transitions for high-carbon regions [9][10] - A social compensation mechanism should be created to mitigate the impact of carbon pricing on low-income households, utilizing existing social security systems [10] - A buffer fund of 10-15% of revenue should be reserved for macroeconomic adjustments, providing tax relief for small and medium enterprises during economic downturns [10]