4岁女孩竟感染梅毒！医生紧急提醒：奶奶这个习惯害了她

Core Viewpoint - A 4-year-old girl was diagnosed with congenital syphilis after being infected by her grandmother, who had untreated syphilis and fed her using her mouth, leading to indirect transmission through saliva [1][2]. Group 1: Transmission Methods - Syphilis can be transmitted through various means beyond sexual contact, including mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy or childbirth [3]. - Blood transmission can occur through contaminated blood transfusions or shared medical equipment [4]. - Indirect contact transmission can happen through shared utensils, mouth-to-mouth feeding, or kissing, especially if both parties have oral mucosal injuries [4]. Group 2: Saliva as a Transmission Pathway - Saliva is highlighted as a significant but often overlooked transmission route for various diseases, particularly in family or communal settings [5]. - Common risky behaviors include adults feeding children with their mouths, testing food temperatures, and kissing children on the mouth [6]. Group 3: Other Diseases Transmitted via Saliva - Helicobacter pylori, influenza viruses, herpes viruses, and bacteria causing cavities can also be transmitted through saliva [7][8]. - Close contact behaviors, such as kissing and sharing food, increase the risk of transmission for these pathogens [8]. Group 4: Prevention Recommendations - Personal items like toothbrushes and towels should not be shared, and children should have their own sanitized utensils [9]. - Unhygienic practices, such as mouth feeding and kissing on the mouth, should be avoided [10]. - Regular health check-ups and prompt treatment of infectious diseases are essential for family health [10].