“万能”止痛药布洛芬，千万别乱吃

Core Viewpoint - Ibuprofen is a widely used analgesic for acute mild to moderate pain, but it has limitations and potential health risks associated with misuse [2][3]. Group 1: Strengths - Ibuprofen is effective in alleviating various types of pain, including joint pain, muscle pain, headaches, toothaches, and menstrual cramps [2]. - It has good antipyretic effects for fever caused by common colds and influenza [2]. Group 2: Limitations - Ibuprofen is ineffective for sharp pain, severe trauma, and smooth muscle spasms (e.g., biliary colic, gastrointestinal cramps) [3]. - It poses risks for infants under six months, including gastrointestinal reactions and renal failure, and is not recommended for use in this age group [3]. - Increased risk of complications for varicella patients when using ibuprofen; alternative antipyretic and analgesic medications are advised [3]. Group 3: Precautions - While ibuprofen is generally safe as an over-the-counter medication, it can cause gastrointestinal discomfort, ulcers, bleeding, liver and kidney damage, and tinnitus [4]. - Patients should monitor for symptoms like nausea and rectal bleeding, and regular liver and kidney function checks are recommended [4]. Group 4: Contraindications - Ibuprofen is contraindicated for individuals allergic to ibuprofen or its excipients, pregnant women in early pregnancy and after 20 weeks, breastfeeding women, and patients with severe liver, kidney, or heart diseases [5]. Group 5: Ceiling Effect - Ibuprofen exhibits a "ceiling effect," meaning that increasing the dosage beyond a certain point does not enhance pain relief but increases the risk of adverse effects [6]. - It is available in various formulations, and the choice of formulation may depend on individual needs and types of pain [6].