Long View of the S&P 500 & Stock Markets of Canada, Japan, China, Hong Kong, India, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Spain

Market Performance Overview - The S&P 500 Index experienced a significant increase of 16.4% in 2025, with a total rise of 79% from 2023 to 2025 and 208% since the March 2020 low [1][2] - American investments in foreign markets led to substantial gains, with Spain's IBEX 35 Index surging by 49% in 2025, marking a three-year gain of 110% [6][32] - The Canadian TSX Composite Index rose by 28.2% in 2025, with a total increase of 111% since the March 2008 high, although this shrinks to 54% when expressed in USD [7][11] International Indices Performance - Japan's Nikkei 225 Index soared by 26% in 2025, achieving a 500% increase since January 2012, but this translates to a 184% gain in USD due to the yen's depreciation [14][15][18] - The Shanghai Stock Exchange Index rose by 18.4% in 2025, but remains down 35% from its all-time high in October 2007 [20] - The Hang Seng Index increased by 27.8% in 2025, yet is still down 23% from its all-time high in January 2018 [23] Other Notable Indices - India's BSE Sensex Index rose by 9.1% in 2025, with a total increase of 388% since 2010, which translates to a 147% gain in USD terms [26][29] - Italy's FTSE MIB Index surged by 31.5% in 2025, more than doubling since October 2022, but remains below the March 2000 bubble high [35] - The UK's FTSE 100 Index increased by 21.5% in 2025, with a total rise of 43% since the beginning of 2000 [38] European Indices - Germany's DAXK rose by 20% in 2025, with a 33% increase since the March 2000 high [41][42] - France's CAC 40 Index increased by 10.4% in 2025, but has only risen by 18% over the past 25 years [45][46]