特稿丨拓展认知 改变生活——2025年全球科研发展回眸

Group 1: Space Exploration - In 2025, more spacecraft were sent into space, with China's Tianwen-2 successfully launched to explore asteroid 2016HO3 and conduct scientific investigations on comet 311P, enhancing human capabilities in solar system research [2] - The commercial space sector accelerated, exemplified by the successful landing of the "Blue Ghost" lunar lander by American company Firefly Aerospace, which aims to gather critical data for NASA's Artemis program [2] - The Artemis program faced delays, with multiple task modules behind schedule and the core heavy-lift rocket, Starship, experiencing three failed test flights in early 2025, although subsequent tests achieved key objectives [2] Group 2: Gene Editing Breakthroughs - A significant milestone in gene editing was achieved with the first personalized gene editing therapy for a baby with a rare metabolic disease, marking a shift from concept to reality in customized treatments [3] - Chinese teams reported successful cases of organ transplantation from gene-edited pigs to brain-dead human patients, including the first successful pig liver and lung transplants [3] - A kidney transplant from a gene-edited pig to a terminally ill patient maintained functionality for 271 days, setting a new record [3] Group 3: Artificial Intelligence Advancements - Chinese AI company DeepSeek released an open-source model, DeepSeek-R1, achieving performance comparable to top models at lower resource costs, aiding in reducing the digital divide for developing countries [4] - Major AI firms, including OpenAI and Google's DeepMind, launched new versions of large models, making significant advancements in text understanding and multi-modal generation capabilities [4] - AI's potential in research was highlighted by achievements such as DeepMind's model scoring at a gold medal level in an international math competition and the FDA recognizing the first AI tool for drug development [4] Group 4: Energy Transition - The global shift towards renewable energy was recognized as a major scientific breakthrough, with China being highlighted as a key driver due to its robust industrial system [5] - A UN climate change conference in Brazil achieved positive political outcomes, demonstrating a commitment to green and low-carbon transitions despite the absence of the US government [5] - In fusion energy, the completion of components for the world's largest superconducting magnet system for the "artificial sun" project marked a significant step towards controllable nuclear fusion energy [5] Group 5: Governance and Challenges in Technology - The rapid development of technology, particularly AI, has led to new risks such as misinformation and intellectual property infringement, prompting a global consensus on the need for enhanced governance [6] - The UN initiated global dialogues on AI governance, and China proposed the establishment of a World AI Cooperation Organization to promote beneficial AI development [6] - Experts emphasized the importance of stable research funding, international collaboration, and cross-disciplinary cooperation to ensure equitable and sustainable technological advancements [6]