阿雷维：伯克与边沁的功利原则

Core Argument - The article discusses the philosophical perspectives of Burke and Bentham regarding utilitarianism and its implications on political theory, particularly in the context of the French Revolution and human rights [2][9]. Group 1: Burke's Political Philosophy - Burke's political philosophy is characterized as an empirical philosophy that values the continuity of ideas and institutions over time, suggesting that the longevity of a belief or system implies its utility [24]. - He introduces the theory of prejudice, which posits that long-standing beliefs and customs should be favored over new ideas that lack historical validation [24]. - The prescription theory asserts that rights derived from established customs are more stable and legitimate than those based on rational principles [20][24]. Group 2: Critique of Human Rights Theory - Burke critiques the human rights theory as a false metaphysics, arguing that it is the product of intellectuals who fail to recognize the complexities of societal structures [9][12]. - He believes that the notion of popular sovereignty, where the majority's will is seen as absolute, is legally arbitrary and harmful, similar to monarchical sovereignty [7][9]. - Burke emphasizes that the interests of current generations are interconnected with those of past and future generations, challenging the individualistic view of society [13]. Group 3: Role of Tradition and Custom - Tradition and custom are viewed as essential components of social stability, with Burke arguing that they provide a moral framework that supports societal cohesion [11][12]. - He asserts that religious beliefs are foundational prejudices that contribute to moral understanding and societal legitimacy [12]. - Burke's perspective suggests that societal structures, including aristocracy, are necessary for maintaining order and preventing the chaos of radical egalitarianism [15][16]. Group 4: Implications for Governance - Burke advocates for a government that is a product of historical evolution rather than abstract principles, emphasizing the importance of established authority and tradition in governance [22][23]. - He argues that the British constitution, as a customary constitution, derives its authority from its historical continuity rather than from a theoretical foundation [22]. - Burke warns against revolutionary changes that disregard historical context, suggesting that such actions can lead to instability and societal disintegration [23].