西班牙媒体用4个关键词概括2025年：稀土、监管、关税、泡沫

Group 1: Core Themes - The global situation in 2025 is characterized by four key terms: rare earths, regulation, tariffs, and bubbles, indicating a shift from traditional geopolitical competition to a complex interplay of technology, resources, and rules [1] Group 2: Rare Earths - Rare earths have become a focal point of strategic competition among major powers, essential for manufacturing electric vehicle batteries, electric motor magnets, wind turbines, and various electronic devices [2] - The security and resilience of the global rare earth supply chain have reached national security levels, prompting the U.S. government to initiate large-scale public investments to bolster domestic supply chains [2] - The EU has launched a resource autonomy plan aiming for a 10% self-sufficiency rate in mineral resources by the end of 2030, although establishing a complete and economically viable rare earth industry will take time [2] Group 3: Regulation Challenges - The "Brussels Effect," which describes the EU's ability to shape global standards through its regulatory power, faces significant challenges in 2025, revealing limitations in its ambition to be a global regulatory superpower [3] - Despite ongoing efforts in digital markets and data governance, the EU's regulatory ambitions must find a new balance with the realities of political and economic competition [3] Group 4: Tariff Policies - In April 2025, the U.S. announced new tariffs on imports, reaching the highest levels since the 1930s, aiming to reshape global trade rules and encourage manufacturing to return to the U.S. [4] - The implementation of these tariffs has not resulted in the expected return of manufacturing jobs, instead leading to increased domestic compensation costs and revealing the limitations of unilateral tariffs in a highly interconnected global economy [4] Group 5: AI Investment - In 2025, there was an unprecedented surge in global investment in artificial intelligence (AI), with total investments reaching $375 billion in just one year [5] - Major tech companies, including established firms and newcomers, are competing fiercely to dominate the AI sector, raising questions about whether this investment frenzy constitutes a "bubble" [5] - Governments are providing funding and regulatory support for the AI industry, viewing it as a core strategic asset, which complicates traditional assessments of investment bubbles based on profit valuations [5][6]