马杜罗执政期间，委内瑞拉向瑞士运送52亿美元黄金

Core Insights - During the early years of Maduro's presidency, Venezuela exported approximately $5.2 billion worth of gold to Switzerland, sourced entirely from the country's central bank reserves [1] - From 2013 to 2016, Venezuela shipped a total of 113 tons of gold to Switzerland, coinciding with the government's efforts to alleviate economic pressure through gold sales [1] - The gold was likely refined and certified in Switzerland before entering the international market, as Switzerland is a major global gold refining hub with five large refineries [1] Industry Analysis - Market analysts noted that between 2012 and 2016, the Venezuelan central bank engaged in significant "forced sales" of gold, with a key reason for the interruption in exports being the depletion of the central bank's gold reserves [1] - Following the European Union's sanctions against several Venezuelan officials in 2017, Venezuela's gold exports to Switzerland dropped to zero [1] - Recently, Switzerland froze assets held by Maduro and 36 associates, although the authorities did not disclose the scale or source of these assets, nor confirm any connection to the previous gold transfers from the central bank [1]