黄波：2025年免疫学机制深化与转化应用并重

Core Insights - In 2025, significant advancements in immunology research were achieved across basic, translational, and clinical domains, particularly in areas such as mechanobiology, immunometabolism, neuroimmunology, and immunosenescence [1] Group 1: Mechanobiology - Research in mechanobiology and immunity has intensified, revealing that immune cells can convert mechanical stimuli into precise immune regulatory information [2] - A team successfully uncoupled the proliferation and differentiation of CAR-T cells using biomechanical signals, establishing a method to produce application-grade CAR-T cells in just 4.5 days, showing enhanced tumor infiltration and persistent anti-tumor effects against various solid tumors [2] - Findings from a collaboration between Mount Sinai and Harvard demonstrated that intestinal cholinergic neurons sense intraluminal pressure changes through the Piezo1 channel, linking mechanical signals to gut motility regulation and offering new therapeutic insights for inflammatory bowel disease [2] - Research from Shanghai Jiao Tong University identified that mechanical signals reshape neutrophil phenotypes to maintain lung tissue homeostasis, establishing pulmonary capillaries as critical sites for neutrophil functional remodeling [2] Group 2: Immunometabolism - The field of immunometabolism has shifted from "metabolic support of immune function" to "metabolic shaping of immune fate and tissue ecology," becoming a central hub connecting tumor microenvironments, immune exhaustion, and treatment responses [4] - A study revealed the dual impact of metabolism on inflammation and tumor immunotherapy, highlighting the role of the enzyme GLO2 in sepsis and age-related inflammation, and proposing targeting tumor cell metabolism to enhance immunogenicity and overcome PD-1 therapy resistance [4] - Research established the critical role of succinate in maintaining CD8+ T cell stemness, improving mitochondrial quality and epigenetic status to support long-term survival and function of stem-like T cells [4] - A study introduced a metabolic reprogramming approach in CAR-T cells to reduce reliance on high-intensity glycolysis, enhancing anti-tumor effects in hypoxic and nutrient-deprived environments [5] Group 3: Neuroimmunology - Research identified a novel type of macrophage in the peripheral nervous system, challenging the long-held belief that microglia do not exist in this area, thus expanding the understanding of immune cell distribution and function [6] - A study revealed the role of specific neural pathways in behavioral changes induced by cancer cachexia, providing insights into the connection between chronic inflammation and depressive symptoms [6] Group 4: Immunosenescence - Research demonstrated that targeted delivery of three nutritional mRNAs to the liver can significantly alleviate age-related immune system decline, presenting a potential strategy to combat immunosenescence [7] - Findings indicated that the aging adaptive immune system loses its ability to respond to new antigens, leading to a shift from immune defense to immune attack, which may accelerate tissue microenvironment deterioration [8] - A model was developed to predict immune age based on the dynamic changes of peripheral immune cells throughout the human lifespan, aiding in early identification of immunosenescence-related risks and personalized immunotherapy [8] Conclusion - Overall, 2025 marked a systematic advancement in immunology, with groundbreaking discoveries in mechanobiology, immunometabolism, neuroimmunology, and immunosenescence, propelling the field into a new phase of deepened mechanisms and translational applications [9]