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Core Insights - A research team of Chinese scientists published the first high-resolution immune cell atlas with over 10 million peripheral blood immune cells, providing a comprehensive multi-omics analysis [1][2] Group 1: Research Significance - Establishing a high-precision immune cell atlas for the Chinese population is crucial for enhancing the understanding of disease health and advancing precision medicine in China [2] - The research team developed an efficient single-cell multi-omics platform, DNBelab C4, which significantly reduced the cost of single-cell sequencing, enabling large-scale studies [2] Group 2: Methodology and Findings - The study identified 73 immune cell subtypes, including rare cells that constitute less than 0.1% of blood, which play critical roles in specific immune responses [2] - A detailed "identity card" was created for each cell type, documenting their distribution and gene expression characteristics, while exploring associations with physiological factors like age and gender [3] Group 3: Genetic Insights - The research revealed a gene regulatory map showing how transcription factors precisely control over 10,000 target genes, with unique regulatory patterns for different immune cell types [3] - The study found 9,600 genetically regulated genes and over 50,000 chromatin open regions, with nearly one-third of regulatory effects being cell type-specific [4] Group 4: Disease Mechanisms - The analysis integrated data from 154 molecules and disease traits, identifying 1,196 significant genetic associations across 68 immune cell types, providing insights into mechanisms affecting conditions like asthma [5] - More than two-thirds of disease-related variants were found to be cell type-specific, indicating the necessity of studying the correct cell types to understand disease mechanisms [5] Group 5: Future Directions - The research team plans to expand the CIMA project to include patients with autoimmune diseases and chronic conditions, aiming to systematically analyze immune mechanisms in disease development and identify new therapeutic targets [5]