彭先觉：混合堆是未来能源的理想之选｜科创院士谈

Core Viewpoint - The Z-FFR (Z-pinch Fusion-Fission Reactor) represents a promising hybrid nuclear energy system that combines the advantages of fusion and fission, addressing the limitations of traditional nuclear power and pure fusion energy [1][4][5]. Summary by Sections Nuclear Energy Challenges - Traditional nuclear fission faces issues such as low uranium resource utilization, spent fuel management difficulties, and safety concerns [1][4]. - Pure fusion energy is still far from commercial viability due to stringent conditions required for its realization [1][4]. Z-FFR System Overview - The Z-FFR system utilizes a Z-pinch device to create extreme physical conditions for inertial confinement fusion, releasing high-energy neutrons that trigger fission reactions in surrounding materials [5][6]. - This hybrid approach aims to leverage the strengths of both fusion and fission, enhancing energy output and addressing safety and waste management issues [5][6]. Safety and Economic Advantages - The Z-FFR system is designed with absolute safety in mind, featuring underground placement and a deep subcritical state that prevents chain reactions without external neutron sources [6][7]. - Estimated costs for a million-kilowatt Z-FFR demonstration plant are around 20 billion RMB, with operational costs of approximately 1 billion RMB annually, leading to a projected electricity price of about 0.1 RMB per kilowatt-hour [6][7]. Resource Utilization and Environmental Impact - The system can utilize existing spent fuel and abundant thorium resources, potentially alleviating uranium resource shortages and addressing long-term nuclear waste disposal challenges [6][7]. - The Z-FFR's design allows for efficient energy output control, making it compatible with renewable energy sources and reducing reliance on large-scale energy storage [7][8]. Industrialization Path and Challenges - Transitioning from theoretical principles to practical applications involves overcoming various technological and supply chain challenges [8][10]. - The establishment of the Tianfu Innovation Energy Research Institute aims to accelerate the commercialization of the Z-FFR technology [8][10]. Global Context and Competitive Landscape - China is building a comprehensive supply chain for the Z-FFR, leveraging its strengths in nuclear physics and engineering, while facing challenges in developing mature components [10][12]. - The U.S. has historical advantages in magnetic confinement fusion, but China's integrated approach in hybrid systems positions it favorably in the global nuclear energy landscape [12][13].