How Venezuela went from South America's richest to poorest economy despite massive oil reserves

Economic Background - Venezuela was once the leading economy in South America due to the discovery of massive oil reserves in 1922, currently holding the largest reserves globally at 303 billion barrels [1] - Despite this wealth, Venezuela's economy is now the poorest in South America, raising questions about the mismanagement of its oil resources [1] Nationalization and Socialism - The nationalization of foreign oil companies in 1976 marked a significant turning point, leading to the establishment of Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) as the state-owned oil company [1] - The election of Hugo Chavez in 1998 initiated a shift towards socialism, with the introduction of "Plan Bolivar," aimed at poverty alleviation through infrastructure and health initiatives [4] Management Issues - In 2002, Chavez's government dismissed top PDVSA executives and 18,000 skilled workers, leading to a decline in operational expertise within the company [5] - The appointment of political allies over qualified professionals resulted in mismanagement, causing a rapid decline in oil production from 3.7 million barrels per day in 1970 to 1.1 million barrels per day recently [7] Economic Decline and Hyperinflation - Nicolás Maduro's presidency, starting in 2013, exacerbated the economic crisis, leading to hyperinflation that peaked at 375,000% in 2019 due to excessive money printing to fund government services [11] - The government's reliance on oil revenues failed as production and revenues fell, leaving the economy without alternative sectors to support it [12] Migration and Sanctions - Over the past decade, U.S. sanctions have targeted Venezuela, restricting financial arrangements with the government and contributing to economic isolation [15] - The number of Venezuelans living abroad surged from 700,000 in 2015 to approximately 7.9 million by last year, indicating a significant brain drain of skilled workers essential for economic recovery [16]