【环时深度】美国移民政治如何被制度塑造和围困

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significant impact of immigration policies in the United States over the past year, highlighting the political, economic, and social ramifications of these policies, particularly under the Trump administration, which has led to a net outflow of immigrants for the first time in decades and sparked widespread protests against violent enforcement actions [1]. Historical Context - The history of immigration in the U.S. dates back to 1607 with the establishment of Jamestown, which became a permanent British colony, attracting many Europeans [2]. - By the time of the American Revolutionary War, the population was predominantly white, with the first naturalization law in 1790 allowing only "free white" individuals to become citizens, reflecting early racial biases in U.S. immigration policy [2][3]. Legislative Developments - The original Naturalization Act was replaced by the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, which incorporated similar racial and nationalistic principles, allowing the president to restrict immigration based on national interest [3]. - Significant immigration laws, such as the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924, were enacted to maintain the U.S. as a nation of Northern and Western European descent, reflecting economic pressures and racial biases [4]. Political Dynamics - Both Republican and Democratic administrations have utilized the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency for immigration enforcement, with funding exceeding $170 billion over four years, indicating a bipartisan approach to immigration issues [8]. - The political landscape surrounding immigration has become increasingly polarized, with recent events, such as the shooting of a U.S. citizen by ICE agents, igniting nationwide protests and calls for the abolition of ICE [7][8]. Current Challenges - The debate over birthright citizenship has resurfaced, with a significant portion of the population opposing changes to this policy, which is rooted in the post-Civil War amendments aimed at ensuring citizenship for former slaves and their descendants [9][10]. - The complexities of immigration issues are exacerbated by the intersection of economic, social, and racial factors, leading to heightened tensions and divisions within American society [11][13]. Future Implications - The ongoing immigration debate reflects deeper questions about national identity and citizenship in the U.S., with implications for future immigration policies and societal cohesion [10][12].