二战时中国的“救命药”，菌株竟来自一双发霉的旧皮鞋

Group 1 - Penicillin was the most effective antibacterial drug during the war, but its production began only after World War II, with China being one of the first countries to develop penicillin independently [1][12] - The first large-scale industrial production of penicillin in China started in 1953 at the Shanghai Third Pharmaceutical Factory, breaking the foreign monopoly [1][48] - The initial strain of penicillin used in China came from a mold found on an old pair of shoes, showcasing the resourcefulness of Chinese scientists during wartime [1][19][20] Group 2 - The development of penicillin in China faced numerous challenges, including a lack of equipment and funding, especially during the war and post-war periods [1][15][39] - The production process was complicated by the need for specific growth conditions for the penicillin mold, which required innovative solutions from the research team [1][24][40] - By 1953, the Shanghai Third Pharmaceutical Factory achieved industrial-scale production, marking a significant milestone in China's pharmaceutical industry [1][46][48] Group 3 - The historical context of penicillin's development highlights the importance of scientific collaboration and innovation in overcoming resource limitations [1][22][25] - The transition from penicillin being a rare and expensive drug to a widely available treatment illustrates the advancements in China's pharmaceutical capabilities [1][50] - The establishment of the Shanghai Third Pharmaceutical Factory laid the foundation for China's antibiotic production and contributed to the training of thousands of professionals in the field [1][48][50]