财经观察：加征关税近一年，美制造业陷困局

Core Viewpoint - The anticipated manufacturing resurgence in the U.S. due to tariffs has not materialized, with manufacturing employment declining and investment in the sector decreasing significantly [1][2]. Group 1: Manufacturing Employment and Economic Indicators - U.S. manufacturing employment has fallen to its lowest point since the end of the pandemic, with a loss of 68,000 jobs over the past year and over 200,000 jobs lost since 2023 [1]. - The factory activity index has contracted for 26 consecutive months, indicating a persistent decline in manufacturing activity [2]. - Despite a recent increase in the PMI index from 47.9 to 52.6, analysts caution that this improvement may be temporary due to ongoing uncertainties in trade policies [2]. Group 2: Impact of Tariffs on Manufacturing - Tariffs have led to a 20% decrease in capital spending for new manufacturing plants, counteracting government efforts to encourage industrialization [2]. - The imposition of tariffs has raised costs for foreign intermediate goods, forcing companies to increase prices and leading to layoffs [2]. - High tariffs on semiconductors and other advanced manufacturing inputs have disproportionately affected high-tech industries, resulting in significant job losses [4]. Group 3: Investment Climate and Global Trends - The uncertainty surrounding U.S. trade policies has led to a stagnation in investment, with many executives labeling the past year as one of investment paralysis [3]. - Other countries are moving forward with trade agreements independent of the U.S., potentially undermining the competitiveness of American industries [3]. - Major companies like Volkswagen have paused significant investment plans in the U.S. due to the adverse effects of tariffs and an unpredictable trade environment [6]. Group 4: Skills and Workforce Challenges - The U.S. manufacturing sector is facing a shortage of skilled labor, with a reported shortfall of 600,000 factory workers and 500,000 construction workers [9]. - The transition from manufacturing to R&D and marketing has led to a decline in essential manufacturing skills, complicating efforts to revitalize the sector [7][9]. - The need for skilled labor and engineers is critical for the success of any manufacturing resurgence, but the development of such talent requires time and investment [10].