东西问·马年说马丨赵艺博：海昏侯墓中的“马蹄金”缘何而来？

Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the significance of the "Horseshoe Gold" artifacts found in the tomb of Liu He, the grandson of Emperor Wu of Han, highlighting their cultural, historical, and artistic importance in the context of the Western Han Dynasty [3][4]. Group 1: Horseshoe Gold Artifacts - The "Horseshoe Gold" is a colloquial term for "Niao Ti Gold," characterized by its hollow center and concave bottom, resembling the foot of a heavenly horse, with 50 pieces discovered in Liu He's tomb, made of 99% pure gold and featuring intricate designs [4]. - The shape of the Horseshoe Gold is linked to the auspicious beliefs of the Western Han period, where the appearance of heavenly horses was considered a sign of good fortune, and these artifacts were not used as currency but were royal gifts to vassal kings [4]. Group 2: Role of Horses in Han Dynasty - In the Han Dynasty, horses were regarded as the "first among livestock" due to their essential roles in agriculture, transportation, and military, closely tied to the state's strength and expansion [6]. - The military demand for horses was significant, especially during Emperor Wu's reign, where cavalry became the main force in battles against the Xiongnu, leading to a systematic management of horse breeding and training by the state [6][7]. - Horses also played a crucial role in transportation and communication, forming the backbone of the extensive logistics network necessary for the vast Han Empire, including the famous Silk Road [7]. Group 3: Cultural Significance of Horses - Horses in the Han Dynasty transcended their practical uses, becoming symbols of military power, social status, and artistic expression, reflecting the era's martial spirit and reverence for strength [8]. - They were integral to significant rituals and ceremonies, often used in sacrificial offerings, which imbued them with a sacred status, symbolizing a connection between the earthly and the divine [9]. - The quality and quantity of horses were indicators of social status, with noble families using horses and carriages as symbols of wealth and power, while horses also featured prominently in literature and art, representing ideals of loyalty and ambition [9][11]. Group 4: Artifacts and Craftsmanship - The tomb of Liu He yielded over 4,000 pieces of chariot and horse equipment, primarily made of bronze, showcasing advanced craftsmanship techniques such as gilding and gold-silver inlay, reflecting the high artistic standards of the Han Dynasty [11]. - The use of these techniques indicates a sophisticated understanding of materials and aesthetics, merging functionality with visual appeal, and demonstrating the cultural significance of gold as a symbol of auspiciousness [11][13].