Minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee July 29–30, 2025

Core Points - The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is reviewing its monetary policy strategy, tools, and communication practices, with significant progress noted towards revising the consensus statement on longer-run goals and monetary policy strategy [3] - Financial market developments indicate stable policy rate expectations, with equity prices increasing and credit spreads narrowing, reflecting a resilient U.S. economy [4][8] - Inflation remains elevated, with consumer price inflation estimated at 2.5% and core inflation at 2.7% as of June [15] - The labor market shows solid conditions, with an unemployment rate of 4.1% and average hourly earnings rising by 3.7% year-over-year [16] - Economic growth is projected to remain low, with real GDP growth expected to be modest through 2027, influenced by various factors including tariffs and financial conditions [35][44] Financial Market Developments - The expected path of the policy rate and longer-term Treasury yields remained largely unchanged, with equity prices increasing and credit spreads narrowing [4][6] - The S&P 500 index valuations are above long-run averages, driven by optimism in technology firms benefiting from AI adoption [8] - The dollar index has depreciated slightly, indicating relative stability in foreign holdings of U.S. assets [9] Economic Situation - Real GDP expanded at a slow pace in the first half of the year, with consumer spending growth slowing and residential investment declining [14][44] - Net exports contributed positively to GDP growth in the second quarter, with a significant decline in imports following earlier front-loading [18] - Foreign economic activity showed signs of slowing, particularly in Canada, while China's GDP continued to grow moderately [19] Labor Market Insights - The labor market remains tight, with low unemployment and solid job gains, although some indicators suggest a potential softening in labor demand [42] - The participation rate has slightly decreased, and the employment-to-population ratio remains unchanged [16] Inflation and Monetary Policy Outlook - Inflation is projected to rise in the near term, with tariff effects becoming more apparent, although longer-term expectations remain anchored [38][41] - The FOMC decided to maintain the federal funds rate target range at 4¼ to 4½ percent, with a commitment to support maximum employment and return inflation to the 2% objective [60][55] - Participants noted the importance of monitoring incoming data to inform future monetary policy adjustments, particularly in light of elevated risks to both inflation and employment [51][56]