Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell speaks on economic outlook

Economic Sentiment and Labor Market - Consumer and business sentiment measures have declined sharply in spring but have since improved, remaining low compared to the start of the year [1] - The unemployment rate increased to 4.3% in August, with payroll job gains slowing to an average of 29,000 per month over the past three months, below the break-even rate needed to maintain the unemployment rate [1] - Job openings remain stable, with the ratio of job openings to unemployment near one, indicating a less dynamic labor market [1] Inflation Trends - Total PCE prices rose by 2.7% over the 12 months ending in August, up from 2.3% in August 2024, while core PCE prices increased by 2.9% [1] - Goods prices are driving inflation increases, primarily due to higher tariffs rather than broader price pressures, while disinflation in services continues [2] - Near-term inflation expectations have risen due to tariff news, but longer-term expectations remain aligned with the 2% inflation goal [2] Monetary Policy Adjustments - The Federal Reserve lowered the target range for the federal funds rate by 25 basis points to 4 to 4.25%, reflecting a shift towards a more neutral policy stance [3][6] - The current economic environment presents a challenging situation with upside risks to inflation and downside risks to employment, necessitating a balanced approach to monetary policy [3][6] - The Fed's policy decisions will be based on incoming data and evolving economic conditions, with a commitment to supporting maximum employment and sustainable inflation [3][6] Labor Market Dynamics - There is significant uncertainty in the labor market, with companies hesitant to hire due to unclear public policy directions, leading to a low hiring rate [11][13] - The decline in immigration has contributed to a reduced supply of workers, compounding the challenges in the labor market [18] - The balance of risks has shifted, with increased downside risks to employment and a stable but low unemployment rate [18] Impact of Technology and AI - The emergence of AI is seen as a potential disruptor, but its long-term effects on the labor market and productivity remain uncertain [9][10] - Historical patterns suggest that technological advancements typically raise productivity and create new job opportunities, though the timing and balance of these changes are difficult to predict [10][12] - The importance of educational attainment and skills development is emphasized as a key factor in benefiting from technological advancements [13][14]