2023年最不发达国家报告-可抵御危机的发展融资

Industry Overview - The least developed countries (LDCs) experienced a sharp economic slowdown in 2020 and 2021, with their combined GDP in 2023 being 10% lower than the pre-pandemic trend (2010-2019) [3] - If LDCs achieve the 7% GDP growth target set in their action plan, their per capita GDP in 2023 would be 16% higher than current estimates [3] - The extreme poverty population in LDCs increased by at least 15 million compared to pre-pandemic levels [3] Financial Challenges - LDCs require $462 billion annually to achieve 7% GDP growth, a 55% increase from 2019 investment levels [5] - Structural transformation goals would require LDCs to invest $1,051 billion annually, necessitating a 20% annual growth rate in the 2020s [5] - The financing gap for sustainable development goals across all developing countries is estimated at $4 trillion annually, up from $2.5 trillion in 2015 [5] Climate Financing - Climate financing to LDCs needs improvement in quantity, quality, and accessibility [14] - Only 45% of climate funds to LDCs are allocated for adaptation, despite it being their primary priority [14] - Over one-third of climate funds to LDCs are provided as loans, exacerbating debt burdens [14] Debt Vulnerability - LDCs' total external debt stock reached $570 billion in 2022, with public and publicly guaranteed debt surging from $100 billion in 2006 to $353 billion [16] - Debt service payments exceeded education expenditures in LDCs since 2018 and reached three-quarters of health expenditures in 2018-2020 [19] - 11 LDCs had debt service payments exceeding combined education and health expenditures in 2018-2020, compared to none in 2009-2011 [19] Development Financing - Official development assistance (ODA) to LDCs totaled $66.9 billion in 2021, down from the record $72.9 billion in 2020 [10] - ODA to LDCs represented only 0.09% of DAC members' GNI in 2021, far below the 0.15-0.2% target [10] - The share of grants in total ODA to LDCs declined to 67% in 2020, the lowest since OECD began tracking [12] Structural Transformation - LDCs need to expand fiscal space for structural transformation, with median government debt rising from 48.5% of GDP in 2019 to 55.4% in 2022 [8] - LDCs' tax-to-GDP ratio was 11.6% in 2020, compared to 16.3% in other developing countries and 23.2% in developed countries [9] - Improving domestic resource mobilization through tax base expansion and combating illicit financial flows is crucial for LDCs [9]