高端制造研究系列6：美日制造业政策经验和启示

Japan's Manufacturing Policy - Japan has focused on rebuilding manufacturing competitiveness since 2015, with policies targeting green growth, AI, and semiconductor industries[1] - Japan allocated 220 billion yen in 2020 to support companies relocating production back to Japan to strengthen supply chain security[1] - Japan's manufacturing value chain position has risen from a low point to 1.2 since 2014[1] US Manufacturing Policy - US manufacturing exports accounted for 22% of global exports in 1948, but declined to 8% by 2008 due to global shifts[7] - The US government increased R&D funding 20-fold from 1940-1964, with federal R&D spending reaching nearly 2% of GDP in the 1960s[12] - US manufacturing's global value chain position rose from 1.3 in 2012 to 1.8 in 2018 after policy support[13] Historical Manufacturing Trends - Japan's heavy chemical industry exports grew from 53% of total exports in 1960 to 94% by 1970[19] - Japan's semiconductor market share surpassed the US, rising to over 50% by 1989 compared to 38% for the US[36] - US federal funding accounted for up to 70% of total R&D investment in the 1950s-1970s[16] Current Manufacturing Landscape - China's manufacturing value added accounted for over 30% of global manufacturing in 2022[46] - Japan's technology-intensive industries increased from 13% of manufacturing value added in 1994 to 17% by 2010[20] - The US proposed $100 billion for 10 key technology areas in 2020 through the Endless Frontier Act[30]