制造业高端化研究系列1：日本：政策引导为主，海外布局助力

Economic Development and Manufacturing Upgrading - Japan's economic development and manufacturing upgrading have undergone three stages: high growth led by heavy industry (1945-1973), a slowdown with a shift to knowledge-intensive industries (1974-1991), and a focus on high value-added creative industries (1992-present) [1] - The GDP growth rate averaged 9.3% from 1957 to 1973, while it dropped to 4.1% from 1974 to 1991, and further declined to 0.8% from 1992 to 2023 [12][24] Technological Content and Industry Structure - Japan's manufacturing technology content has seen two significant upgrades, driven by capacity reduction, deleveraging, and resource allocation efficiency [1] - The share of medium-high technology manufacturing output rose significantly from 0.1% in 1970 to 16.0% in 1990, but began to decline after 2007 [28] - The increase in value-added from medium-high technology manufacturing has been slower post-1991, averaging only 0.2 percentage points annually from 1991 to 2022 [29] Policy and Internationalization - Government-led industrial policies have been crucial for Japan's manufacturing upgrades, adapting to macroeconomic changes and international demand [2] - Japan's overseas production ratio has been increasing, with direct investment stock as a percentage of GDP rising from 3.1% in 1985 to 6.5% in 1991 [20] Challenges and Lessons - Japan faces challenges such as manufacturing hollowing out and a decline in the rationality of its industrial structure since 2005 [2] - The government’s strong intervention has sometimes suppressed market mechanisms, which are essential for innovation [2]