为贸易提供动力：微调太阳能和风能价值链的贸易政策（英）

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the solar and wind energy industry Core Insights - Trade in solar and wind energy technologies is experiencing significant growth, yet the pace is insufficient to replace fossil fuel-based energy generation. Developing countries are primarily net exporters of raw materials while being net importers of manufactured goods in the energy value chains [3][12] - High trade costs along solar and wind energy technology value chains hinder the affordability of renewable energy technologies and limit industrialization opportunities. Average tariffs on green energy goods in developing countries range from 2.5% in Asia and Oceania to 7.1% in Africa, with non-tariff measures adding additional costs of 0.4%-0.7% [4][58] - Lowering tariffs on intermediate goods can facilitate the entry of developing countries into the assembly stage of green energy technologies, with current tariffs on intermediate products in Africa reaching up to 8.1% [5][62] - Regional integration can be enhanced by addressing both tariffs and non-tariff barriers, as intra-African tariffs are nearly double those in other developing regions [6][63] - The increasing use of temporary trade defense measures on green energy goods, particularly for Asian traders, suggests a need for improved trade remedy mechanisms [7][70] - Developed countries should reassess their trade, investment, and aid policies towards developing countries to align with global energy transition goals [8] Summary by Sections Tackling Climate Change and Energy Access - Renewable energy is essential for addressing climate change and energy poverty, with the potential to provide electricity to 685 million people lacking access [10][19] - The urgency of reducing greenhouse gas emissions is critical, with a target to peak emissions before 2025 and reduce them by 43% by 2030 [16][17] Solar and Wind Driving the Energy Transition - Despite rapid growth, fossil fuels still accounted for 82% of global energy consumption in 2022, with renewable energy comprising only 5% [24][25] - Solar and wind energy are leading the transformation of the electricity sector, with renewable power capacity growing from 21% in 2000 to 43% in 2023 [27][28] The Anatomy of Green Energy Value Chains - The production of solar panels and wind turbines involves complex value chains with numerous inputs, including raw materials and intermediate products [40][41] New Technologies Following Historical Trade Patterns - Global trade in solar and wind energy goods exceeded US$ 1.5 trillion annually between 2020 and 2022, with significant trade values associated with final production stages [45][46] Trade Barriers Along Green Energy Value Chains - Developing countries face high tariffs on green energy goods, which can hinder their integration into global value chains. Average tariffs range from 2.5% to 7.1% across different regions [58][59] - Reducing trade barriers and compliance costs associated with non-tariff measures can enhance intra-regional trade, particularly in Africa and Latin America [65][66]