读懂美联储（1）：美联储概况及历史由来

Group 1: Federal Reserve Overview - The Federal Reserve, established in 1913, plays a crucial role in managing the U.S. economy and is often referred to as the "world's central bank" due to the dollar's dominance in global finance[5][20]. - The Federal Reserve System consists of three key entities and five core functions, which include conducting monetary policy and supervising financial institutions[6][18]. - The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is responsible for formulating monetary policy, consisting of 12 members, including the Board of Governors and regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents[12][14]. Group 2: Historical Context - The establishment of the Federal Reserve followed a series of financial crises and the failures of earlier banking institutions, such as the First Bank of the United States (1791-1811) and the Second Bank of the United States (1816-1836)[19][24]. - The Federal Reserve was created to provide a stable financial system and prevent the systemic risks that led to bank runs and economic downturns in the past[20][28]. - The Federal Reserve's founding was influenced by the need for a regulatory body to oversee the banking system and ensure financial stability, particularly after the 1907 financial panic[27][29]. Group 3: Current Structure and Function - The Federal Reserve Board consists of seven members, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, with staggered terms to maintain independence from political influence[8][10]. - The FOMC meets regularly to discuss economic conditions and make decisions on monetary policy, releasing economic forecasts and policy guidance to manage market expectations[16][17]. - The Federal Reserve's five core functions include maximizing employment, regulating banks, monitoring financial markets, managing the payment system, and protecting consumer rights[18].