制造业高端化研究系列2：美国：产业政策引导，科技创新驱动

Group 1: Manufacturing Evolution Stages - The U.S. manufacturing sector has undergone three significant phases since World War II: "Industrialization" (post-war to 1970s), "Deindustrialization" (1970s to early 2000s), and "Reindustrialization" (early 2000s onwards) [12] - During the "Industrialization" phase, U.S. industrial output reached $634.3 billion by 1970, a 243% increase from 1947, with manufacturing employment rising by 31% to 19 million workers [26] - The "Deindustrialization" phase saw manufacturing's contribution to GDP decline from 22% in the early 1970s to 13% by the early 2000s, while global manufacturing focus shifted away from the U.S. [36] Group 2: Factors Driving Manufacturing Upgrades - U.S. manufacturing upgrades are primarily driven by technological advancements and capital accumulation, with Total Factor Productivity (TFP) playing a crucial role [49] - In the "Industrialization" phase, TFP contributed 1.9 percentage points to labor productivity growth, while capital contributed 0.9 percentage points [49] - In the "Reindustrialization" phase, TFP continued to dominate, contributing 1.2 percentage points to manufacturing growth, with capital contributing 0.3 percentage points [50] Group 3: Policy and Structural Insights - U.S. government policies have significantly influenced manufacturing evolution, with a focus on supporting small and medium enterprises and promoting technology transfer since the 1980s [14] - Mergers and acquisitions have been pivotal throughout U.S. manufacturing history, with four major waves of consolidation since 1945 enhancing competitiveness [14] - The U.S. has established 17 advanced manufacturing innovation research centers since 2010, focusing on areas like AI and biotechnology to maintain global leadership [41]