气候变化的分布影响和包容性、公正和可持续过渡的政策建议（英）2024

Investment Rating - The report does not explicitly provide an investment rating for the industry Core Insights - Inequality, both among and within countries, is a significant barrier to transitioning to low-carbon, climate-resilient economies, particularly in regions like Latin America and the Caribbean where structural inequality is prevalent [81] - A mix of policies is required to manage climate change risk, including productive development, trade, fiscal, and social policies, aimed at enhancing socioeconomic benefits while mitigating harmful effects [82] Summary by Sections I. Distributional Impacts of Climate Change - The consequences of climate change exacerbate existing development gaps, including inequality, with developing countries facing higher exposure and vulnerability to climate impacts [20] - High-income countries have per capita emissions 1.5 times higher than upper-middle-income economies and up to 10 times higher than low-income countries, with the top 1% responsible for 15% of emissions [25][26] - Between 1970 and 2021, over 75% of climate disasters and 94% of reported deaths occurred in developing or transition economies [35] II. Distributional Implications of Low-Carbon Transition Policies - The distributional effect of carbon pricing on households depends on the policy instrument and its implementation, with evidence suggesting that carbon pricing is regressive due to higher fossil fuel spending by poorer families [51] - Transition policies will have macro-level distributional impacts, particularly for countries dependent on high-carbon industries, which may face reductions in fiscal revenues and employment levels [61][62] III. Policy Recommendations for an Inclusive, Just, and Sustainable Transition - Establishing social safety nets and investing in basic goods and services is crucial to reduce vulnerability and encourage changes in consumption patterns [68] - A coordinated set of policies is necessary to promote sectors with higher value added and employment growth while ensuring environmental sustainability [69] - The challenge lies in harmonizing policies to close external, social, and environmental gaps, with a focus on structural transformation and social justice [74]