碳定价、政策联动与全球减排之路：合力奋进，共御气候变化

Group 1: Global Climate Action and Challenges - The COP29 conference reached an agreement on the global carbon market mechanism under the Paris Agreement, highlighting the increasing focus on carbon pricing as a key climate policy tool[2]. - Current national contributions (NDCs) are insufficient to limit global warming, with a projected 5% increase in emissions by 2030 under a "business as usual" scenario[12]. - To meet the 1.5°C target, global emissions need to decrease by 43% from 2019 levels by 2030, and by 60% by 2035[12]. Group 2: Carbon Pricing and Policy Tools - Approximately 75 carbon taxes and emissions trading systems (ETS) are currently operational, covering about 24% of global emissions[18]. - China's carbon market includes mandatory and voluntary trading systems, covering over 5.1 billion tons of CO2 emissions, accounting for over 40% of the country's total emissions[11]. - The second compliance period of China's carbon market saw a cumulative trading volume of 263 million tons and a transaction value of 17.258 billion yuan, with a 174.9% year-on-year increase in average monthly trading volume in the first half of 2024[11]. Group 3: Policy Coordination and International Cooperation - Strengthening international coordination is crucial for maximizing positive spillover effects and minimizing negative impacts of climate policies[58]. - A common understanding of cross-border spillover effects can help countries better address the externalities of climate policies and promote coordinated climate action[59]. - Coordinating carbon intensity and specific emission indicators can reduce compliance costs for businesses engaged in international trade[60].