X @Nick Szabo

Transaction Analysis - A seemingly inexpensive on-chain transaction involving a "weird frog gif" actually cost approximately $840 due to the burning of 613.47 thousand sats (1,859 outputs of 330 sats each) [1] - This type of transaction burns all outputs, sending UTXOs to unspendable addresses, harming the UTXO set by creating 1,859 outputs that will never be spent [1] Market Impact - Spammers incur significant financial losses through these transactions [2] - HODLers benefit from a 0.000000029% deflation resulting from these burns, which accumulates as such activities persist [2] Comparison - This costly spam is different from OP_RETURN, where storing a Mechanic picture cost only $120 for a bigger image without burning anything [2]