Core Viewpoint - The article discusses the anchoring effect, a psychological phenomenon that influences consumer and investor decisions by relying on initial reference points, which can lead to irrational choices and missed opportunities [2][9]. Group 1: Definition and Mechanism - The anchoring effect is defined as the tendency for individuals to rely heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions, which can lead to cognitive biases [2]. - An experiment by Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that random numbers can significantly influence people's estimates, showing how initial anchors affect subsequent judgments [3]. Group 2: Types of Anchors - Three main types of psychological anchors are identified: price, probability, and time. - Price anchors manipulate consumer perception through pricing strategies, such as showing a higher original price to make a sale price seem more attractive [4][5]. - Probability anchors lead individuals to overestimate their chances of success based on selective information, such as seeing others win in lotteries or investments [6]. - Time anchors cause individuals to fixate on past prices or experiences, leading to hesitation in making decisions based on current market conditions [6]. Group 3: Overcoming Anchoring - To break free from these psychological anchors, individuals should adopt systematic decision-making approaches. - In consumption, a method called "price obscuring" can help evaluate whether a product is worth its current price without being influenced by previous prices [7]. - In investment, focusing on fundamental questions about a company's profitability and industry outlook is more beneficial than fixating on historical price comparisons [7]. - A simple principle for evaluating opportunities in probability games is to calculate the expected value by multiplying the prize value by the probability of winning [8]. - Regularly practicing a "clean slate hypothesis" can help individuals reassess decisions without the bias of past experiences [8].
打破锚定效应 获得消费与投资的自由
天天基金网·2025-06-17 12:14