哈佛大学：2025全球关键和新兴技术指数报告

Core Viewpoint - The report from the Belfer Center outlines the global competition in critical and emerging technologies, emphasizing the importance of technology as a core element of national competitiveness by 2025 [1][4][28]. Group 1: Technology Index and Evaluation - The "Critical and Emerging Technologies Index Report" evaluates the technological strength of 25 countries across five key areas: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Biotechnology, Semiconductors, Space Technology, and Quantum Technology [6][8]. - The index assigns weights based on strategic value: AI (25%), Biotechnology (20%), Semiconductors (35%), Space Technology (15%), and Quantum Technology (5%) [6][8]. Group 2: Global Competition Landscape - The United States leads in all five technology areas due to a unique and decentralized innovation ecosystem, strong economic resources, and a concentration of top talent [9][10]. - China ranks second globally, showing strong growth in biotechnology and quantum technology, with significant investments and policy support driving its technological advancements [12][28]. - Europe ranks third, with strengths in AI, biotechnology, and quantum technology, but faces challenges in semiconductor and space technology compared to Asia [13][28]. Group 3: Sector-Specific Insights - In AI, the U.S. maintains a dominant position through substantial investments from tech giants and government support, while China is rapidly catching up with significant advancements in algorithm research [15][16]. - The biotechnology sector sees a narrowing gap between the U.S. and China, with both countries making strides in drug development and vaccine research [18][28]. - The semiconductor industry is characterized by a complex global supply chain, with the U.S., Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea holding key positions, while China faces challenges due to export controls [20][27]. - The U.S. leads in space technology, leveraging public-private partnerships, while China and Russia pose emerging threats with advancements in anti-satellite technologies [22][28]. - Quantum technology is still in its early stages, with the U.S. leading in quantum computing, while China excels in quantum sensing and communication [24][28]. Group 4: International Cooperation and Challenges - The report highlights the necessity of international cooperation to address global technological challenges, emphasizing that no single country can dominate all key technologies [26][28]. - The dual-use nature of many technologies raises concerns about international security, necessitating stricter regulations and collaborative governance [26][28]. - The ongoing geopolitical tensions and supply chain disruptions require countries to balance efficiency and resilience in their technological strategies [27][28].